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Main Authors:	VanCompernolle, Michelle, Morris, Juliet, Calich, Hannah J, Rodríguez, Jorge P, Marley, Sarah A, Pearce, Jessica R, Abrahms, Briana, Abrantes, Katya, Afonso, André S, Aguilar, Alex, Agyekumhene, Andrews, Akamatsu, Tomonari, Åkesson, Susanne, Alawa, Nyimale G, Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Anderson, R C, Anker-Nilssen, Tycho, Arata, Javier A, Araujo, Gonzalo, Arostegui, Martin C, Arrizabalaga, Haritz, Arrowsmith, Lucy M, Auger-Méthé, Marie, Avila, Isabel C, Bailleul, Fred, Barker, Joanna, Barlow, Dawn R, Barnett, Adam, Barrios-Garrido, Hector, Baylis, Alastair M M, Bearzi, Giovanni, Bejder, Lars, Belda, Eduardo J, Benson, Scott R, Berumen, Michael L, Bestley, Sophie, Bezerra, Natalia P A, Blaison, Antonin V, Boehme, Lars, Bograd, Steven J, Abimbola, Bolaji Dunsin, Bond, Mark E, Borrell, Asunción, Bouchet, Phil J, Boveng, Peter, Braulik, Gill, Braun, Camrin D, Brodie, Stephanie, Bugoni, Leandro, Bustamante, Carlos, Campana, Steven E, Cárdenas-Alayza, Susana, Carmichael, Ruth H, Carroll, Gemma, Carter, Matt I D, Ceia, Filipe R, Cerchio, Salvatore, Ferreira, Luciana C, Chambault, Philippine, Chapple, Taylor K, Charvet, Patricia, Chavez, Elpis J, Chevallier, Damien, Chiaradia, Andre, Chilvers, B Louise, Cimino, Megan A, Clark, Bethany L, Clarke, C R, Clay, Thomas A, Cloyed, Carl S, Cochran, Jesse E M, Collins, Tim, Cortes, Enric, Cuevas, Eduardo, Curnick, David J, Dann, Peter, de Bruyn, P J Nico, de Vos, Asha, Derville, Solène, Dias, Maria P, Diaz-Lopez, Bruno, Dodge, Kara L, Dove, Alistair D M, Doyle, Thomas K, Drymon, J Marcus, Dudgeon, Christine L, Dutton, Peter H, Ellenberg, Ursula, Elwen, Simon H, Emmerson, Louise, Eniang, Edem A, Espinoza, Mario, Esteban, Nicole, Mul, Evert, Fadely, Brian S, Fayet, Annette L, Feare, Chris, Ferguson, Steven H, Feyrer, Laura Joan, Finucci, Brittany, Florko, Katie R N, Fontes, Jorge, Fortuna, C M, Fossette, Sabrina, Fouda, Leila, Frere, Esteban, Fuentes, Mariana M P B, Gallagher, Austin J, Borboroglu, Pablo Garcia, Garrigue, Claire, Gauffier, Pauline, Gennari, Enrico, Genov, Tilen, Germanov, Elitza S, Giménez, Joan, Godfrey, Matthew H, Godley, Brendan J, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Gollock, Matthew, Carman, Victoria González, Gownaris, Natasha J, Grecian, W James, Guzman, Hector M, Hamann, Mark, Hammerschlag, Neil, Hansen, Erpur S, Harris, Mike P, Hastie, Gordon, Haulsee, Danielle E, Hazen, Elliott L, Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter, Hieb, Elizabeth E, Higdon, Jeff W, Hindell, Mark A, Hinke, Jefferson T, Hoenner, Xavier, Hofmeyr, G J Greg, Holmes, Bonnie J, Hoyt, Erich, Huckstadt, Luis A, Hussey, Nigel E, Huveneers, Charlie, Irvine, Lyn G, Jabado, Rima W, Jacoby, David M P, Jaeger, Audrey, Jagielski, Patrick M, Jessopp, Mark, Jewell, Oliver J D, Alvarado, David Jiménez, Jordan, Lance K B, Jorgensen, Salvador J, Kahn, Benjamin, Karamanlidis, Alexandros A, Kato, Akiko, Keith-Diagne, Lucy W, Kiani, M S, Kiszka, Jeremy J, Kock, Alison A, Kopf, R Keller, Kuhn, Carey, Kyne, Peter M, Laidre, Kristin L, Lana, Fernanda O, Lander, Michelle E, Corre, Matthieu Le, Lee, Olivia A, Leeney, Ruth H, Levengood, Alexis L, Levenson, J Jacob, Libertelli, Marcela, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Mendilaharsu, Milagros Lopez, Loveridge, Alexandra, Lowe, Christopher G, Lynch, Heather J, Macena, Bruno C L, Mackay, Alice I, Madrigal-Mesén, Jeffry, Mallory, Mark L, Mangel, Jeffrey C, Mansfield, Katherine L, March, David, Marcoux, Marianne, Marsh, Helene, Marshall, A D, Mattern, Thomas, Maxwell, Sara M, McGuire, Rebecca L, McLeay, Lachlan, McMahon, Clive R, Methion, Séverine, Meyers, Eva K M, Michelot, Candice, Masere, Cara, Minton, Gianna, Morales-Vela, Benjamin, Mucientes, Gonzalo, Murua, Hilario, Nicoll, M A C, Niella, Yuri, Notarbartolo di Sciara, Giuseppe, Oppel, Steffen, Orgeret, Florian, Oswald, Julie N, Owen, Ellie, Pacoureau, Nathan, Paiva, Vitor H, Palacios, Daniel M, Panigada, Simone, Papastamatiou, Yannis P, Parra, Guido J, Parsons, Sylvia K, Patterson-Fraser, Donna L, Peckham, S Hoyt, Petersen, Stephen D, Pichegru, Lorien, Pierce, Simon J, Pipa, Tânia, Pirotta, Enrico, Pistorius, Pierre, Pollom, Riley A, Prieto, Rui, Prosdocimi, Laura, Pütz, Klemens, Queiroz, Nuno, Quinn, John L, Ramos, Jaime A, Raudino, Holly C, Recalde-Salas, Angela, Rees, ALan F, Reina, Richard D, Reisinger, Ryan R, Reynolds, Samantha D, Richardson, Anthony James, Riddoch, Nicholas G, Riet-Sapriza, Federico G, Robbins, James R, Robinson, David P, Rodríguez, Airam, Rogers, Tracey L, Rohner, Christoph A, Rojas-Cañizales, Daniela, Ruhomaun, Kevin, Kent, Chandra Salgado, Sato, Katsufumi, Scales, Kylie L, Scheidat, Meike, Schofield, Gail, Serena, Fabrizio, Setyawan, Edy, Shaffer, Scott A, Shea, Brendan D, Shearer, Laura, Sheaves, Marcus, Sherley, Richard B, Shillinger, George L, Shimada, Takahiro, Silva, Mónica A, Skomal, Gregory, Smith, Reyd A, Smoothey, Amy F, Soldo, Alen, Southall, Emily J, Steinfurth, Antje, Stewart, D Bruce, Stewart, Joshua D, Takahashi, Akinori, Tatayah, Vikash, Thalmann, Sam, Thiebot, Jean-Baptiste, Tomás, Jesús, Torres, Leigh G, Trathan, P N, Trillmich, Fritz, Ueda, Kazuoki, Vandeperre, Frederic, Vanstreels, Ralph Eric Thijl, Vedor, Marisa, Villegas-Amtmann, Stella, Waller, Lauren J, Waller, Matt, Wanless, Sarah, Waples, Kelly, Watt, Cortney A, Wege, Mia, Weir, Caroline R, Wells, Randall S, Wensveen, Paul J, White, Timothy D, Whiting, Scott D, Wiig, Øystein, Wildermann, Natalie E, Wiley, David N, Williams, Jessica Lauren, Williams, Rosie S, Wilson, Kenady, Witt, Matthew J, Womersley, Freya C, Yurkowski, David J, Zhang, Jie, Costa, Daniel P, Duarte, Carlos M, Meekan, Mark G, Harcourt, Rob, Sims, David W, Hays, Graeme C, Pattiaratchi, Charitha, Eguíluz, Víctor M, Sequeira, Ana M M
Format:	Artículo científico
Language:	en
Published:	Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology 2026
Subjects:	Animals Conservation of Natural Resources Endangered Species Anthropogenic Effects Oceans and Seas Fisheries Aquatic Organisms Climate Change
Online Access:	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41236032/
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Table of Contents:

Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at-sea anthropogenic threats. VanCompernolle, Michelle Morris, Juliet Calich, Hannah J Rodríguez, Jorge P Marley, Sarah A Pearce, Jessica R Abrahms, Briana Abrantes, Katya Afonso, André S Aguilar, Alex Agyekumhene, Andrews Akamatsu, Tomonari Åkesson, Susanne Alawa, Nyimale G Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna Anderson, R C Anker-Nilssen, Tycho Arata, Javier A Araujo, Gonzalo Arostegui, Martin C Arrizabalaga, Haritz Arrowsmith, Lucy M Auger-Méthé, Marie Avila, Isabel C Bailleul, Fred Barker, Joanna Barlow, Dawn R Barnett, Adam Barrios-Garrido, Hector Baylis, Alastair M M Bearzi, Giovanni Bejder, Lars Belda, Eduardo J Benson, Scott R Berumen, Michael L Bestley, Sophie Bezerra, Natalia P A Blaison, Antonin V Boehme, Lars Bograd, Steven J Abimbola, Bolaji Dunsin Bond, Mark E Borrell, Asunción Bouchet, Phil J Boveng, Peter Braulik, Gill Braun, Camrin D Brodie, Stephanie Bugoni, Leandro Bustamante, Carlos Campana, Steven E Cárdenas-Alayza, Susana Carmichael, Ruth H Carroll, Gemma Carter, Matt I D Ceia, Filipe R Cerchio, Salvatore Ferreira, Luciana C Chambault, Philippine Chapple, Taylor K Charvet, Patricia Chavez, Elpis J Chevallier, Damien Chiaradia, Andre Chilvers, B Louise Cimino, Megan A Clark, Bethany L Clarke, C R Clay, Thomas A Cloyed, Carl S Cochran, Jesse E M Collins, Tim Cortes, Enric Cuevas, Eduardo Curnick, David J Dann, Peter de Bruyn, P J Nico de Vos, Asha Derville, Solène Dias, Maria P Diaz-Lopez, Bruno Dodge, Kara L Dove, Alistair D M Doyle, Thomas K Drymon, J Marcus Dudgeon, Christine L Dutton, Peter H Ellenberg, Ursula Elwen, Simon H Emmerson, Louise Eniang, Edem A Espinoza, Mario Esteban, Nicole Mul, Evert Fadely, Brian S Fayet, Annette L Feare, Chris Ferguson, Steven H Feyrer, Laura Joan Finucci, Brittany Florko, Katie R N Fontes, Jorge Fortuna, C M Fossette, Sabrina Fouda, Leila Frere, Esteban Fuentes, Mariana M P B Gallagher, Austin J Borboroglu, Pablo Garcia Garrigue, Claire Gauffier, Pauline Gennari, Enrico Genov, Tilen Germanov, Elitza S Giménez, Joan Godfrey, Matthew H Godley, Brendan J Goldsworthy, Simon D Gollock, Matthew Carman, Victoria González Gownaris, Natasha J Grecian, W James Guzman, Hector M Hamann, Mark Hammerschlag, Neil Hansen, Erpur S Harris, Mike P Hastie, Gordon Haulsee, Danielle E Hazen, Elliott L Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter Hieb, Elizabeth E Higdon, Jeff W Hindell, Mark A Hinke, Jefferson T Hoenner, Xavier Hofmeyr, G J Greg Holmes, Bonnie J Hoyt, Erich Huckstadt, Luis A Hussey, Nigel E Huveneers, Charlie Irvine, Lyn G Jabado, Rima W Jacoby, David M P Jaeger, Audrey Jagielski, Patrick M Jessopp, Mark Jewell, Oliver J D Alvarado, David Jiménez Jordan, Lance K B Jorgensen, Salvador J Kahn, Benjamin Karamanlidis, Alexandros A Kato, Akiko Keith-Diagne, Lucy W Kiani, M S Kiszka, Jeremy J Kock, Alison A Kopf, R Keller Kuhn, Carey Kyne, Peter M Laidre, Kristin L Lana, Fernanda O Lander, Michelle E Corre, Matthieu Le Lee, Olivia A Leeney, Ruth H Levengood, Alexis L Levenson, J Jacob Libertelli, Marcela Liu, Kwang-Ming Mendilaharsu, Milagros Lopez Loveridge, Alexandra Lowe, Christopher G Lynch, Heather J Macena, Bruno C L Mackay, Alice I Madrigal-Mesén, Jeffry Mallory, Mark L Mangel, Jeffrey C Mansfield, Katherine L March, David Marcoux, Marianne Marsh, Helene Marshall, A D Mattern, Thomas Maxwell, Sara M McGuire, Rebecca L McLeay, Lachlan McMahon, Clive R Methion, Séverine Meyers, Eva K M Michelot, Candice Masere, Cara Minton, Gianna Morales-Vela, Benjamin Mucientes, Gonzalo Murua, Hilario Nicoll, M A C Niella, Yuri Notarbartolo di Sciara, Giuseppe Oppel, Steffen Orgeret, Florian Oswald, Julie N Owen, Ellie Pacoureau, Nathan Paiva, Vitor H Palacios, Daniel M Panigada, Simone Papastamatiou, Yannis P Parra, Guido J Parsons, Sylvia K Patterson-Fraser, Donna L Peckham, S Hoyt Petersen, Stephen D Pichegru, Lorien Pierce, Simon J Pipa, Tânia Pirotta, Enrico Pistorius, Pierre Pollom, Riley A Prieto, Rui Prosdocimi, Laura Pütz, Klemens Queiroz, Nuno Quinn, John L Ramos, Jaime A Raudino, Holly C Recalde-Salas, Angela Rees, ALan F Reina, Richard D Reisinger, Ryan R Reynolds, Samantha D Richardson, Anthony James Riddoch, Nicholas G Riet-Sapriza, Federico G Robbins, James R Robinson, David P Rodríguez, Airam Rogers, Tracey L Rohner, Christoph A Rojas-Cañizales, Daniela Ruhomaun, Kevin Kent, Chandra Salgado Sato, Katsufumi Scales, Kylie L Scheidat, Meike Schofield, Gail Serena, Fabrizio Setyawan, Edy Shaffer, Scott A Shea, Brendan D Shearer, Laura Sheaves, Marcus Sherley, Richard B Shillinger, George L Shimada, Takahiro Silva, Mónica A Skomal, Gregory Smith, Reyd A Smoothey, Amy F Soldo, Alen Southall, Emily J Steinfurth, Antje Stewart, D Bruce Stewart, Joshua D Takahashi, Akinori Tatayah, Vikash Thalmann, Sam Thiebot, Jean-Baptiste Tomás, Jesús Torres, Leigh G Trathan, P N Trillmich, Fritz Ueda, Kazuoki Vandeperre, Frederic Vanstreels, Ralph Eric Thijl Vedor, Marisa Villegas-Amtmann, Stella Waller, Lauren J Waller, Matt Wanless, Sarah Waples, Kelly Watt, Cortney A Wege, Mia Weir, Caroline R Wells, Randall S Wensveen, Paul J White, Timothy D Whiting, Scott D Wiig, Øystein Wildermann, Natalie E Wiley, David N Williams, Jessica Lauren Williams, Rosie S Wilson, Kenady Witt, Matthew J Womersley, Freya C Yurkowski, David J Zhang, Jie Costa, Daniel P Duarte, Carlos M Meekan, Mark G Harcourt, Rob Sims, David W Hays, Graeme C Pattiaratchi, Charitha Eguíluz, Víctor M Sequeira, Ana M M Animals Conservation of Natural Resources Endangered Species Anthropogenic Effects Oceans and Seas Fisheries Aquatic Organisms Climate Change Marine megafauna species are affected by a wide range of anthropogenic threats. To evaluate the risk of such threats, species' vulnerability to each threat must first be determined. We build on the existing threats classification scheme and ranking system of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species by assessing the vulnerability of 256 marine megafauna species to 23 at-sea threats. The threats we considered included individual fishing gear types, climate-change-related subthreats not previously assessed, and threats associated with coastal impacts and maritime disturbances. Our ratings resulted in 70 species having high vulnerability (v > 0.778 out of 1) to at least 1 threat, primarily drifting longlines, temperature extremes, or fixed gear. These 3 threats were also considered to have the most severe effects (i.e., steepest population declines). Overall, temperature extremes and plastics and other solid waste were rated as affecting the largest proportion of populations. Penguins, pinnipeds, and polar bears had the highest vulnerability to temperature extremes. Bony fishes had the highest vulnerability to drifting longlines and plastics and other solid waste; pelagic cetaceans to 4 maritime disturbance threats; elasmobranchs to 5 fishing threats; and flying birds to drifting longlines and 2 maritime disturbance threats. Sirenians and turtles had the highest vulnerability to at least one threat from all 4 categories. Despite not necessarily having severe effects for most taxonomic groups, temperature extremes were rated among the top threats for all taxa except bony fishes. The vulnerability scores we provide are an important first step in estimating the risk of threats to marine megafauna. Importantly, they help differentiate scope from severity, which is key to identifying threats that should be prioritized for mitigation.

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