Dietary 5-aminolevulinic acid induces strain-specific effects on shell color and innate immunity in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) through divergent porphyrin metabolism.
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | Artículo científico |
| Lenguaje: | en |
| Publicado: |
Fish & shellfish immunology
2026
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| _version_ | 1868266084885331970 |
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| author | Hu, Biyang Yu, Hong Xu, Chengxun Kong, Lingfeng Liu, Shikai Du, Shaojun Li, Qi |
| author_facet | Hu, Biyang Yu, Hong Xu, Chengxun Kong, Lingfeng Liu, Shikai Du, Shaojun Li, Qi Hu, Biyang Yu, Hong Xu, Chengxun Kong, Lingfeng Liu, Shikai Du, Shaojun Li, Qi |
| collection | PubMed - marine biology |
| contents | Dietary 5-aminolevulinic acid induces strain-specific effects on shell color and innate immunity in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) through divergent porphyrin metabolism. Hu, Biyang Yu, Hong Xu, Chengxun Kong, Lingfeng Liu, Shikai Du, Shaojun Li, Qi Animals Immunity, Innate Aminolevulinic Acid Crassostrea Diet Pigmentation Animal Feed Porphyrins Dietary Supplements Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Protoporphyrins Shell color is a key market trait in marine molluscs, while stress resilience is crucial for intensive aquaculture. This study investigated the 90-day effects of dietary 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA; at 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/L) on shell pigmentation and innate immunity in two shell-color strains of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. The results revealed divergent Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) utilization strategies. The orange-shell strain prioritized PPIX for shell deposition, thereby enhancing coloration. In contrast, the gold-shell strain redirected PPIX toward heme synthesis, which subsequently activated a systemic defense response. In gold-shell C. gigas, this response included the significant upregulation of immune-related genes such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), and interleukin-17 (IL-17). It was also accompanied by increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), elevated glutathione (GSH) levels, and reduced lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA). Moreover, 5-ALA induced hypomethylation of CgPPOX and modulated the expression of PPIX transporters (CgTspO, CgABCG2), establishing a novel link between porphyrin metabolism and immunity. An optimal dose of 20 mg/L 5-ALA was identified, which simultaneously improved desirable shell-color traits and physiological resilience. This study provides new insights into the molecular basis of color trait improvement and a theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanisms linking pigment metabolism and immune function in aquatic animals. |
| format | Artículo científico |
| id | pubmed_41690531 |
| institution | PubMed |
| language | en |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Fish & shellfish immunology |
| record_format | pubmed |
| spellingShingle | Dietary 5-aminolevulinic acid induces strain-specific effects on shell color and innate immunity in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) through divergent porphyrin metabolism. Hu, Biyang Yu, Hong Xu, Chengxun Kong, Lingfeng Liu, Shikai Du, Shaojun Li, Qi Animals Immunity, Innate Aminolevulinic Acid Crassostrea Diet Pigmentation Animal Feed Porphyrins Dietary Supplements Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Protoporphyrins Dietary 5-aminolevulinic acid induces strain-specific effects on shell color and innate immunity in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) through divergent porphyrin metabolism. Hu, Biyang Yu, Hong Xu, Chengxun Kong, Lingfeng Liu, Shikai Du, Shaojun Li, Qi Animals Immunity, Innate Aminolevulinic Acid Crassostrea Diet Pigmentation Animal Feed Porphyrins Dietary Supplements Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Protoporphyrins Shell color is a key market trait in marine molluscs, while stress resilience is crucial for intensive aquaculture. This study investigated the 90-day effects of dietary 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA; at 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/L) on shell pigmentation and innate immunity in two shell-color strains of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. The results revealed divergent Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) utilization strategies. The orange-shell strain prioritized PPIX for shell deposition, thereby enhancing coloration. In contrast, the gold-shell strain redirected PPIX toward heme synthesis, which subsequently activated a systemic defense response. In gold-shell C. gigas, this response included the significant upregulation of immune-related genes such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), and interleukin-17 (IL-17). It was also accompanied by increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), elevated glutathione (GSH) levels, and reduced lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA). Moreover, 5-ALA induced hypomethylation of CgPPOX and modulated the expression of PPIX transporters (CgTspO, CgABCG2), establishing a novel link between porphyrin metabolism and immunity. An optimal dose of 20 mg/L 5-ALA was identified, which simultaneously improved desirable shell-color traits and physiological resilience. This study provides new insights into the molecular basis of color trait improvement and a theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanisms linking pigment metabolism and immune function in aquatic animals. |
| title | Dietary 5-aminolevulinic acid induces strain-specific effects on shell color and innate immunity in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) through divergent porphyrin metabolism. |
| topic | Animals Immunity, Innate Aminolevulinic Acid Crassostrea Diet Pigmentation Animal Feed Porphyrins Dietary Supplements Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Protoporphyrins |
| url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41690531/ |