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| Natura: | Artículo científico |
| Lingua: | en |
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Scientific reports
2026
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| Accesso online: | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41702991/ |
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| _version_ | 1868266084868554753 |
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| author | Muhammad, Buhari Lawan Bui, Quynh Thi Nhu Kim, Han-Sol Ki, Jang-Seu |
| author_facet | Muhammad, Buhari Lawan Bui, Quynh Thi Nhu Kim, Han-Sol Ki, Jang-Seu Muhammad, Buhari Lawan Bui, Quynh Thi Nhu Kim, Han-Sol Ki, Jang-Seu |
| collection | PubMed - marine biology |
| contents | Transcriptomic insights into polyketides and toxin biosynthesis genes in freshwater dinoflagellates. Muhammad, Buhari Lawan Bui, Quynh Thi Nhu Kim, Han-Sol Ki, Jang-Seu Dinoflagellida Phylogeny Polyketide Synthases Fresh Water Saxitoxin Transcriptome Polyketides Fatty Acid Synthases Gene Expression Profiling Freshwater dinoflagellates are typically considered non-toxic, and their polyketides and toxin biosynthesis genes are largely unexplored. Here, we generated and analyzed the transcriptome of freshwater dinoflagellate Palatinus apiculatus and compared it with the transcriptome data from Peridinium bipes and Ceratium furcoides to investigate the presence and diversity of polyketide synthases (PKS), fatty acid synthases (FAS), and saxitoxin (STX) biosynthesis genes (sxt). We identified 95, 117, and 39 PKS-related transcripts in P. apiculatus, P. bipes, and C. furcoides, respectively, which include single-domain PKS, multi-domain PKS, and hybrid NRPS/PKS. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a novel clade of ketosynthase (KS) domains unique to freshwater dinoflagellates, suggesting species-specific diversification. Conserved catalytic residues were found in type II FAS genes across both freshwater and marine taxa. Although core STX biosynthesis genes were absent in all analyzed species, several STX-associated transcripts, including sxtA4, sxtU, sxtS, sxtD, sxtH/T, and sxtI, were identified. Phylogenetic analysis of the sxtA4 domain revealed that freshwater dinoflagellate sequences form a distinct clade from those of toxic marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria while retaining conserved active sites, suggesting potential functional variation. These findings reveal unique PKS and STX gene features in freshwater dinoflagellates, highlighting their previously unrecognized biosynthetic diversity, ecological roles, and biotechnological potential. |
| format | Artículo científico |
| id | pubmed_41702991 |
| institution | PubMed |
| language | en |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Scientific reports |
| record_format | pubmed |
| spellingShingle | Transcriptomic insights into polyketides and toxin biosynthesis genes in freshwater dinoflagellates. Muhammad, Buhari Lawan Bui, Quynh Thi Nhu Kim, Han-Sol Ki, Jang-Seu Dinoflagellida Phylogeny Polyketide Synthases Fresh Water Saxitoxin Transcriptome Polyketides Fatty Acid Synthases Gene Expression Profiling Transcriptomic insights into polyketides and toxin biosynthesis genes in freshwater dinoflagellates. Muhammad, Buhari Lawan Bui, Quynh Thi Nhu Kim, Han-Sol Ki, Jang-Seu Dinoflagellida Phylogeny Polyketide Synthases Fresh Water Saxitoxin Transcriptome Polyketides Fatty Acid Synthases Gene Expression Profiling Freshwater dinoflagellates are typically considered non-toxic, and their polyketides and toxin biosynthesis genes are largely unexplored. Here, we generated and analyzed the transcriptome of freshwater dinoflagellate Palatinus apiculatus and compared it with the transcriptome data from Peridinium bipes and Ceratium furcoides to investigate the presence and diversity of polyketide synthases (PKS), fatty acid synthases (FAS), and saxitoxin (STX) biosynthesis genes (sxt). We identified 95, 117, and 39 PKS-related transcripts in P. apiculatus, P. bipes, and C. furcoides, respectively, which include single-domain PKS, multi-domain PKS, and hybrid NRPS/PKS. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a novel clade of ketosynthase (KS) domains unique to freshwater dinoflagellates, suggesting species-specific diversification. Conserved catalytic residues were found in type II FAS genes across both freshwater and marine taxa. Although core STX biosynthesis genes were absent in all analyzed species, several STX-associated transcripts, including sxtA4, sxtU, sxtS, sxtD, sxtH/T, and sxtI, were identified. Phylogenetic analysis of the sxtA4 domain revealed that freshwater dinoflagellate sequences form a distinct clade from those of toxic marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria while retaining conserved active sites, suggesting potential functional variation. These findings reveal unique PKS and STX gene features in freshwater dinoflagellates, highlighting their previously unrecognized biosynthetic diversity, ecological roles, and biotechnological potential. |
| title | Transcriptomic insights into polyketides and toxin biosynthesis genes in freshwater dinoflagellates. |
| topic | Dinoflagellida Phylogeny Polyketide Synthases Fresh Water Saxitoxin Transcriptome Polyketides Fatty Acid Synthases Gene Expression Profiling |
| url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41702991/ |