Regulation of transcription by R loop-nucleated transcription condensate assembly.
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Artículo científico |
| Language: | en |
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Cell & bioscience
2026
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| _version_ | 1868266084867506177 |
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| author | Ng, Raissa Regina Lin, Zhongyang Tan, Heng Wee Xu, Yan-Ming Lau, Andy T Y |
| author_facet | Ng, Raissa Regina Lin, Zhongyang Tan, Heng Wee Xu, Yan-Ming Lau, Andy T Y Ng, Raissa Regina Lin, Zhongyang Tan, Heng Wee Xu, Yan-Ming Lau, Andy T Y |
| collection | PubMed - marine biology |
| contents | Regulation of transcription by R loop-nucleated transcription condensate assembly. Ng, Raissa Regina Lin, Zhongyang Tan, Heng Wee Xu, Yan-Ming Lau, Andy T Y Prevalence of promoter paused R loops formed from frequent RNA PolII pausing in eukaryotic cells not only pose a significant threat to genomic stability, but also a potent regulator of transcription. In this review, we discuss how R loops act as both a product and regulator of transcription. Direct effects of R loops on transcription output are not well established, as studies on R loops are mainly focused on genomic instability triggered by accumulation of R loops. We dissect the evidence showing how R loops regulate transcription through a new manner: transcription condensates. Transcription condensates are dynamic, membraneless assemblies enriched with components of the transcription machinery, transcription factors, coactivators, and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that form at regulatory loci of critical, highly expressed genes to promote transcription rapidly and robustly. Coinciding at these condensate-forming regulatory loci are R loop hotspots, but this relationship and how they impact transcription as a unit remain to be defined. Recent developments suggest that R loops may act as multivalent seeds for transcription condensates through its modular structure, and as a binding platform for numerous RBPs containing phase separation-prone disordered regions. Interestingly, R loop processing may act as a double-edged sword to transcription: with partitioning of some factors into the transcription condensate promoting transcription, while others terminating transcription as a trade-off for protecting genomic integrity against pervasive R loops. Finally, we also summarize pathological conditions involving alterations of factors implicated in both R loop homeostasis and condensate dysregulation. |
| format | Artículo científico |
| id | pubmed_41703613 |
| institution | PubMed |
| language | en |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Cell & bioscience |
| record_format | pubmed |
| spellingShingle | Regulation of transcription by R loop-nucleated transcription condensate assembly. Ng, Raissa Regina Lin, Zhongyang Tan, Heng Wee Xu, Yan-Ming Lau, Andy T Y Regulation of transcription by R loop-nucleated transcription condensate assembly. Ng, Raissa Regina Lin, Zhongyang Tan, Heng Wee Xu, Yan-Ming Lau, Andy T Y Prevalence of promoter paused R loops formed from frequent RNA PolII pausing in eukaryotic cells not only pose a significant threat to genomic stability, but also a potent regulator of transcription. In this review, we discuss how R loops act as both a product and regulator of transcription. Direct effects of R loops on transcription output are not well established, as studies on R loops are mainly focused on genomic instability triggered by accumulation of R loops. We dissect the evidence showing how R loops regulate transcription through a new manner: transcription condensates. Transcription condensates are dynamic, membraneless assemblies enriched with components of the transcription machinery, transcription factors, coactivators, and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that form at regulatory loci of critical, highly expressed genes to promote transcription rapidly and robustly. Coinciding at these condensate-forming regulatory loci are R loop hotspots, but this relationship and how they impact transcription as a unit remain to be defined. Recent developments suggest that R loops may act as multivalent seeds for transcription condensates through its modular structure, and as a binding platform for numerous RBPs containing phase separation-prone disordered regions. Interestingly, R loop processing may act as a double-edged sword to transcription: with partitioning of some factors into the transcription condensate promoting transcription, while others terminating transcription as a trade-off for protecting genomic integrity against pervasive R loops. Finally, we also summarize pathological conditions involving alterations of factors implicated in both R loop homeostasis and condensate dysregulation. |
| title | Regulation of transcription by R loop-nucleated transcription condensate assembly. |
| url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41703613/ |