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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Artículo científico |
| Language: | en |
| Published: |
Archives of virology
2026
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41843187/ |
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| _version_ | 1868266071868309504 |
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| author | Chu, Ting Wang, Qinran Hu, Chen Yu, Jiabei Chen, Lanming Yu, Yongxin Wang, Yongjie |
| author_facet | Chu, Ting Wang, Qinran Hu, Chen Yu, Jiabei Chen, Lanming Yu, Yongxin Wang, Yongjie Chu, Ting Wang, Qinran Hu, Chen Yu, Jiabei Chen, Lanming Yu, Yongxin Wang, Yongjie |
| collection | PubMed - marine biology |
| contents | Microalga-virus-virophage coculture reveals co-infection of multi-virophages with a giant virus. Chu, Ting Wang, Qinran Hu, Chen Yu, Jiabei Chen, Lanming Yu, Yongxin Wang, Yongjie Chlorella Coculture Techniques Microalgae Giant Viruses Virophages Coinfection Virus Replication Virophages parasitize the replication of co-infecting giant viruses within eukaryotic cells, forming tripartite cell-virus-virophage (CVv) systems. Tripartite interactions are well-documented in protozoa, yet comparable systems in algae remain largely unexplored at the experimental level. Here, we report an experimentally validated CVv system involving the green, single-celled microalga Chlorella sp. DSL01, Dishui Lake large algal virus 1 (DSLLAV1), and multiple Dishui Lake virophages (DSLVs). Inoculation of Chlorella sp. DSL01 at low MOI established laboratory co-cultures in which time-series PCR detected DSLLAV1 early but not after Day 10, whereas all tested virophages persisted. Metagenomic profiling of the terminal supernatant (end-point sample) indicated a virophage-dominated assemblage with DSLV3 most represented. Droplet digital PCR at discrete time points (Days 5, 10, and 15) then provided absolute counts for DSLLAV1 and DSLV1/3/7, corroborating an early DSLLAV1 peak followed by collapse and/or a delayed rise of multiple virophages coincident with host growth recovery. Nested PCR on the algal pellet detected virophages DSLV1/3/7 but not DSLLAV1. Together, these results demonstrate that Chlorella sp. DSL01 supports co-infection by DSLLAV1 and multiple virophages, establishing an experimentally validated algal CVv system and revealing multi-virophage participation in freshwater algal virus-virophage-host dynamics. |
| format | Artículo científico |
| id | pubmed_41843187 |
| institution | PubMed |
| language | en |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Archives of virology |
| record_format | pubmed |
| spellingShingle | Microalga-virus-virophage coculture reveals co-infection of multi-virophages with a giant virus. Chu, Ting Wang, Qinran Hu, Chen Yu, Jiabei Chen, Lanming Yu, Yongxin Wang, Yongjie Chlorella Coculture Techniques Microalgae Giant Viruses Virophages Coinfection Virus Replication Microalga-virus-virophage coculture reveals co-infection of multi-virophages with a giant virus. Chu, Ting Wang, Qinran Hu, Chen Yu, Jiabei Chen, Lanming Yu, Yongxin Wang, Yongjie Chlorella Coculture Techniques Microalgae Giant Viruses Virophages Coinfection Virus Replication Virophages parasitize the replication of co-infecting giant viruses within eukaryotic cells, forming tripartite cell-virus-virophage (CVv) systems. Tripartite interactions are well-documented in protozoa, yet comparable systems in algae remain largely unexplored at the experimental level. Here, we report an experimentally validated CVv system involving the green, single-celled microalga Chlorella sp. DSL01, Dishui Lake large algal virus 1 (DSLLAV1), and multiple Dishui Lake virophages (DSLVs). Inoculation of Chlorella sp. DSL01 at low MOI established laboratory co-cultures in which time-series PCR detected DSLLAV1 early but not after Day 10, whereas all tested virophages persisted. Metagenomic profiling of the terminal supernatant (end-point sample) indicated a virophage-dominated assemblage with DSLV3 most represented. Droplet digital PCR at discrete time points (Days 5, 10, and 15) then provided absolute counts for DSLLAV1 and DSLV1/3/7, corroborating an early DSLLAV1 peak followed by collapse and/or a delayed rise of multiple virophages coincident with host growth recovery. Nested PCR on the algal pellet detected virophages DSLV1/3/7 but not DSLLAV1. Together, these results demonstrate that Chlorella sp. DSL01 supports co-infection by DSLLAV1 and multiple virophages, establishing an experimentally validated algal CVv system and revealing multi-virophage participation in freshwater algal virus-virophage-host dynamics. |
| title | Microalga-virus-virophage coculture reveals co-infection of multi-virophages with a giant virus. |
| topic | Chlorella Coculture Techniques Microalgae Giant Viruses Virophages Coinfection Virus Replication |
| url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41843187/ |