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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Artículo científico |
| Language: | en |
| Published: |
Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society
2026
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42017756/ |
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| _version_ | 1868266059463655424 |
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| author | Hackney, Celeste M Koch, Thomas Lund Ryding, Nicklas Lund Rogalski, Aymeric Chase, Kevin Giglio, Matías Leonel Espino, Samuel S Acyatan, Zildjian G Watkins, Maren Olivera, Baldomero M Safavi-Hemami, Helena Teilum, Kaare Ellgaard, Lars |
| author_facet | Hackney, Celeste M Koch, Thomas Lund Ryding, Nicklas Lund Rogalski, Aymeric Chase, Kevin Giglio, Matías Leonel Espino, Samuel S Acyatan, Zildjian G Watkins, Maren Olivera, Baldomero M Safavi-Hemami, Helena Teilum, Kaare Ellgaard, Lars Hackney, Celeste M Koch, Thomas Lund Ryding, Nicklas Lund Rogalski, Aymeric Chase, Kevin Giglio, Matías Leonel Espino, Samuel S Acyatan, Zildjian G Watkins, Maren Olivera, Baldomero M Safavi-Hemami, Helena Teilum, Kaare Ellgaard, Lars |
| collection | PubMed - marine biology |
| contents | Conkazal-M1 from the MKAVA family of conotoxins: A dual-function protease inhibitor and neuroactive peptide. Hackney, Celeste M Koch, Thomas Lund Ryding, Nicklas Lund Rogalski, Aymeric Chase, Kevin Giglio, Matías Leonel Espino, Samuel S Acyatan, Zildjian G Watkins, Maren Olivera, Baldomero M Safavi-Hemami, Helena Teilum, Kaare Ellgaard, Lars Conotoxins Animals Conus Snail Mice Protease Inhibitors Amino Acid Sequence Marine cone snails produce a diverse array of bioactive peptides, known as conotoxins, in their venom. Given their high target potency and specificity, conotoxins are attractive compounds for the development of precision research tools and pharmacological agents. Here, we provide the first experimental characterization of a conotoxin from the MKAVA superfamily, conkazal-M1, from Conus magus. Using NMR spectroscopy, we show that conkazal-M1 adopts a fold characteristic of the Kazal-type protease inhibitor family, featuring a Glu residue at the inhibitory P1 position. Recombinantly expressed conkazal-M1 inhibits the proteolytic activity of Subtilisin A with an apparent Ki of 1.1 μM. In addition, conkazal-M1 partially inhibits calcium transients in mouse sensory neurons, suggesting a potential role in modulating ion-channel activity, as seen for many other toxins. The dual function of conkazal-M1 in protease inhibition and neuroactivity is analogous to the dual function of several toxins harboring a Kunitz-type fold. The well-conserved sequence of the MKAVAs indicates an evolutionary trajectory in which these proteins face an adaptive conflict, where mutations that enhance one activity compromise the other. Collectively, this work provides new structural and functional insights into a previously uncharacterized toxin superfamily in cone snails, illustrates how structural scaffolds can be repurposed for functions that diverge from the original while retaining their overall structure, and expands our understanding of the toxin arsenal available to venomous animals. |
| format | Artículo científico |
| id | pubmed_42017756 |
| institution | PubMed |
| language | en |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society |
| record_format | pubmed |
| spellingShingle | Conkazal-M1 from the MKAVA family of conotoxins: A dual-function protease inhibitor and neuroactive peptide. Hackney, Celeste M Koch, Thomas Lund Ryding, Nicklas Lund Rogalski, Aymeric Chase, Kevin Giglio, Matías Leonel Espino, Samuel S Acyatan, Zildjian G Watkins, Maren Olivera, Baldomero M Safavi-Hemami, Helena Teilum, Kaare Ellgaard, Lars Conotoxins Animals Conus Snail Mice Protease Inhibitors Amino Acid Sequence Conkazal-M1 from the MKAVA family of conotoxins: A dual-function protease inhibitor and neuroactive peptide. Hackney, Celeste M Koch, Thomas Lund Ryding, Nicklas Lund Rogalski, Aymeric Chase, Kevin Giglio, Matías Leonel Espino, Samuel S Acyatan, Zildjian G Watkins, Maren Olivera, Baldomero M Safavi-Hemami, Helena Teilum, Kaare Ellgaard, Lars Conotoxins Animals Conus Snail Mice Protease Inhibitors Amino Acid Sequence Marine cone snails produce a diverse array of bioactive peptides, known as conotoxins, in their venom. Given their high target potency and specificity, conotoxins are attractive compounds for the development of precision research tools and pharmacological agents. Here, we provide the first experimental characterization of a conotoxin from the MKAVA superfamily, conkazal-M1, from Conus magus. Using NMR spectroscopy, we show that conkazal-M1 adopts a fold characteristic of the Kazal-type protease inhibitor family, featuring a Glu residue at the inhibitory P1 position. Recombinantly expressed conkazal-M1 inhibits the proteolytic activity of Subtilisin A with an apparent Ki of 1.1 μM. In addition, conkazal-M1 partially inhibits calcium transients in mouse sensory neurons, suggesting a potential role in modulating ion-channel activity, as seen for many other toxins. The dual function of conkazal-M1 in protease inhibition and neuroactivity is analogous to the dual function of several toxins harboring a Kunitz-type fold. The well-conserved sequence of the MKAVAs indicates an evolutionary trajectory in which these proteins face an adaptive conflict, where mutations that enhance one activity compromise the other. Collectively, this work provides new structural and functional insights into a previously uncharacterized toxin superfamily in cone snails, illustrates how structural scaffolds can be repurposed for functions that diverge from the original while retaining their overall structure, and expands our understanding of the toxin arsenal available to venomous animals. |
| title | Conkazal-M1 from the MKAVA family of conotoxins: A dual-function protease inhibitor and neuroactive peptide. |
| topic | Conotoxins Animals Conus Snail Mice Protease Inhibitors Amino Acid Sequence |
| url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42017756/ |