Bioelectric ink bridge: An electroactive casein bioink for cartilage regeneration by actively restoring the electrophysiological niche.
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| Natura: | Artículo científico |
| Lingua: | en |
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Biomaterials
2026
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| author | Zhu, Shuai Zhou, Zheng Chen, Xin He, Xiaoli Yang, Lingxiu Lei, Jiajie Pei, Jingyi Zhao, Wenkai Yang, Yafang Yi, Manli Zhu, Wenxiang Zhao, Zijing Pan, Haobo Liu, Hairong |
| author_facet | Zhu, Shuai Zhou, Zheng Chen, Xin He, Xiaoli Yang, Lingxiu Lei, Jiajie Pei, Jingyi Zhao, Wenkai Yang, Yafang Yi, Manli Zhu, Wenxiang Zhao, Zijing Pan, Haobo Liu, Hairong Zhu, Shuai Zhou, Zheng Chen, Xin He, Xiaoli Yang, Lingxiu Lei, Jiajie Pei, Jingyi Zhao, Wenkai Yang, Yafang Yi, Manli Zhu, Wenxiang Zhao, Zijing Pan, Haobo Liu, Hairong |
| collection | PubMed - marine biology |
| contents | Bioelectric ink bridge: An electroactive casein bioink for cartilage regeneration by actively restoring the electrophysiological niche. Zhu, Shuai Zhou, Zheng Chen, Xin He, Xiaoli Yang, Lingxiu Lei, Jiajie Pei, Jingyi Zhao, Wenkai Yang, Yafang Yi, Manli Zhu, Wenxiang Zhao, Zijing Pan, Haobo Liu, Hairong Animals Ink Regeneration Caseins Chondrocytes Cartilage Bioprinting Tissue Scaffolds Cell Proliferation Printing, Three-Dimensional Electrophysiological Phenomena Rats The development of bioinks that recapitulate key physiological cues remains a central challenge in 3D bioprinting. Although endogenous bioelectric signals are crucial regulators of cell migration, proliferation, and matrix assembly, they are rarely incorporated into bioink design. Here we present a filler-free electroactive bioink, quaternized-methacrylated casein (QCMA), that integrates intrinsic ionic conductivity with high-resolution digital light processing (DLP) bioprinting. Quaternization markedly improves casein solubility and optical clarity (>90% solubility) while introducing permanent cationic moieties that, together with mobile counterions, enhance charge transport in hydrated constructs; subsequent methacrylation enables rapid photocrosslinking and high-fidelity DLP printing (>95% dimensional accuracy in X-Y and Z). With an optimized cationic density, QCMA maintains chondrocyte viability, promotes cell adhesion and recruitment, and provides broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Under a physiologically relevant pulsed electric field (150 mV/mm), QCMA-laden constructs activate MAPK-associated signaling, enhance chondrocyte migration and proliferation, and upregulate key chondrogenic markers (ACAN, SOX9, COL2A1, and TGF-β1), leading to increased cartilage matrix deposition. In a rat osteochondral defect model, QCMA implantation reduces local impedance and improves voltage recovery within the defect region, accompanied by increased Cx43 expression, suggesting enhanced gap-junctional communication and improved cartilage repair. Collectively, QCMA establishes a bioelectric niche-oriented strategy for next-generation regenerative bioinks by coupling filler-free electroactivity with DLP printability and therapeutic functionality. |
| format | Artículo científico |
| id | pubmed_42114266 |
| institution | PubMed |
| language | en |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Biomaterials |
| record_format | pubmed |
| spellingShingle | Bioelectric ink bridge: An electroactive casein bioink for cartilage regeneration by actively restoring the electrophysiological niche. Zhu, Shuai Zhou, Zheng Chen, Xin He, Xiaoli Yang, Lingxiu Lei, Jiajie Pei, Jingyi Zhao, Wenkai Yang, Yafang Yi, Manli Zhu, Wenxiang Zhao, Zijing Pan, Haobo Liu, Hairong Animals Ink Regeneration Caseins Chondrocytes Cartilage Bioprinting Tissue Scaffolds Cell Proliferation Printing, Three-Dimensional Electrophysiological Phenomena Rats Bioelectric ink bridge: An electroactive casein bioink for cartilage regeneration by actively restoring the electrophysiological niche. Zhu, Shuai Zhou, Zheng Chen, Xin He, Xiaoli Yang, Lingxiu Lei, Jiajie Pei, Jingyi Zhao, Wenkai Yang, Yafang Yi, Manli Zhu, Wenxiang Zhao, Zijing Pan, Haobo Liu, Hairong Animals Ink Regeneration Caseins Chondrocytes Cartilage Bioprinting Tissue Scaffolds Cell Proliferation Printing, Three-Dimensional Electrophysiological Phenomena Rats The development of bioinks that recapitulate key physiological cues remains a central challenge in 3D bioprinting. Although endogenous bioelectric signals are crucial regulators of cell migration, proliferation, and matrix assembly, they are rarely incorporated into bioink design. Here we present a filler-free electroactive bioink, quaternized-methacrylated casein (QCMA), that integrates intrinsic ionic conductivity with high-resolution digital light processing (DLP) bioprinting. Quaternization markedly improves casein solubility and optical clarity (>90% solubility) while introducing permanent cationic moieties that, together with mobile counterions, enhance charge transport in hydrated constructs; subsequent methacrylation enables rapid photocrosslinking and high-fidelity DLP printing (>95% dimensional accuracy in X-Y and Z). With an optimized cationic density, QCMA maintains chondrocyte viability, promotes cell adhesion and recruitment, and provides broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Under a physiologically relevant pulsed electric field (150 mV/mm), QCMA-laden constructs activate MAPK-associated signaling, enhance chondrocyte migration and proliferation, and upregulate key chondrogenic markers (ACAN, SOX9, COL2A1, and TGF-β1), leading to increased cartilage matrix deposition. In a rat osteochondral defect model, QCMA implantation reduces local impedance and improves voltage recovery within the defect region, accompanied by increased Cx43 expression, suggesting enhanced gap-junctional communication and improved cartilage repair. Collectively, QCMA establishes a bioelectric niche-oriented strategy for next-generation regenerative bioinks by coupling filler-free electroactivity with DLP printability and therapeutic functionality. |
| title | Bioelectric ink bridge: An electroactive casein bioink for cartilage regeneration by actively restoring the electrophysiological niche. |
| topic | Animals Ink Regeneration Caseins Chondrocytes Cartilage Bioprinting Tissue Scaffolds Cell Proliferation Printing, Three-Dimensional Electrophysiological Phenomena Rats |
| url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42114266/ |