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| Natura: | Artículo científico |
| Lingua: | en |
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Harmful algae
2026
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| Accesso online: | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42178159/ |
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| author | Wang, Xinhui Solhaug, Anita Garrido, Bruno C Mudge, Elizabeth M Fon, Mathias Andersen, Aaron J C Samdal, Ingunn A Edvardsen, Bente Gotfredsen, Charlotte H Hansen, Per Juel Miles, Christopher O Larsen, Thomas O |
| author_facet | Wang, Xinhui Solhaug, Anita Garrido, Bruno C Mudge, Elizabeth M Fon, Mathias Andersen, Aaron J C Samdal, Ingunn A Edvardsen, Bente Gotfredsen, Charlotte H Hansen, Per Juel Miles, Christopher O Larsen, Thomas O Wang, Xinhui Solhaug, Anita Garrido, Bruno C Mudge, Elizabeth M Fon, Mathias Andersen, Aaron J C Samdal, Ingunn A Edvardsen, Bente Gotfredsen, Charlotte H Hansen, Per Juel Miles, Christopher O Larsen, Thomas O |
| collection | PubMed - marine biology |
| contents | Structure elucidation of leadbeaterin-1, an ichthyotoxin associated with fish-killing blooms of Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in Northern Norwegian fjords. Wang, Xinhui Solhaug, Anita Garrido, Bruno C Mudge, Elizabeth M Fon, Mathias Andersen, Aaron J C Samdal, Ingunn A Edvardsen, Bente Gotfredsen, Charlotte H Hansen, Per Juel Miles, Christopher O Larsen, Thomas O Norway Marine Toxins Dinoflagellida Harmful Algal Bloom Animals Molecular Structure Chromatography, Liquid In May-June 2019 the haptophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri caused the most damaging fish-killing bloom in northern Europe to date. This study reports the isolation and structural characterization of a new sterolysin, leadbeaterin-1 (1) from C. leadbeateri, based on LC-HRMS/MS and NMR analysis. Although structurally related to karlotoxins, 1 is distinct in having fewer double bonds, the presence of chlorination in the polyol side chain, and in being present in two diastereomeric forms (1a and 1b) in an approximately 1:1 ratio, making it a unique addition to the sterolysin class of compounds. The close structural similarity of 1 from a haptophye, and karlotoxin-2 from a dinoflagellate, raises interesting questions regarding the ancestry of the genes for sterolysin biosynthesis. Quantitative NMR of 1 established the first genuinely quantitative sterolysin standard, enabling precise toxin measurements. Leadbeaterin-1 was highly cytotoxic to the RTgill-W1 (EC 0.4 ± 0.1 µg/mL) and ASG-10 (EC 0.5 ± 0.1 µg/mL) gill cell lines using the Alamar Blue assay. Unexpectedly, a high proportion of leadbeaterin-5 (5), identified as a glycolate ester of 1, was detected in freshly extracted cultures. This ester analogue was unstable to hydrolysis, apparently converting to leadbeaterin-1 during harvesting and extraction. The quantitative standard allowed LC-HRMS analysis of the cellular quotas of 1, 5, and other leadbeaterins in C. leadbeateri isolates UIO 035, UIO 393, and UIO 394, revealing minor variations in toxin accumulation. |
| format | Artículo científico |
| id | pubmed_42178159 |
| institution | PubMed |
| language | en |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Harmful algae |
| record_format | pubmed |
| spellingShingle | Structure elucidation of leadbeaterin-1, an ichthyotoxin associated with fish-killing blooms of Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in Northern Norwegian fjords. Wang, Xinhui Solhaug, Anita Garrido, Bruno C Mudge, Elizabeth M Fon, Mathias Andersen, Aaron J C Samdal, Ingunn A Edvardsen, Bente Gotfredsen, Charlotte H Hansen, Per Juel Miles, Christopher O Larsen, Thomas O Norway Marine Toxins Dinoflagellida Harmful Algal Bloom Animals Molecular Structure Chromatography, Liquid Structure elucidation of leadbeaterin-1, an ichthyotoxin associated with fish-killing blooms of Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in Northern Norwegian fjords. Wang, Xinhui Solhaug, Anita Garrido, Bruno C Mudge, Elizabeth M Fon, Mathias Andersen, Aaron J C Samdal, Ingunn A Edvardsen, Bente Gotfredsen, Charlotte H Hansen, Per Juel Miles, Christopher O Larsen, Thomas O Norway Marine Toxins Dinoflagellida Harmful Algal Bloom Animals Molecular Structure Chromatography, Liquid In May-June 2019 the haptophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri caused the most damaging fish-killing bloom in northern Europe to date. This study reports the isolation and structural characterization of a new sterolysin, leadbeaterin-1 (1) from C. leadbeateri, based on LC-HRMS/MS and NMR analysis. Although structurally related to karlotoxins, 1 is distinct in having fewer double bonds, the presence of chlorination in the polyol side chain, and in being present in two diastereomeric forms (1a and 1b) in an approximately 1:1 ratio, making it a unique addition to the sterolysin class of compounds. The close structural similarity of 1 from a haptophye, and karlotoxin-2 from a dinoflagellate, raises interesting questions regarding the ancestry of the genes for sterolysin biosynthesis. Quantitative NMR of 1 established the first genuinely quantitative sterolysin standard, enabling precise toxin measurements. Leadbeaterin-1 was highly cytotoxic to the RTgill-W1 (EC 0.4 ± 0.1 µg/mL) and ASG-10 (EC 0.5 ± 0.1 µg/mL) gill cell lines using the Alamar Blue assay. Unexpectedly, a high proportion of leadbeaterin-5 (5), identified as a glycolate ester of 1, was detected in freshly extracted cultures. This ester analogue was unstable to hydrolysis, apparently converting to leadbeaterin-1 during harvesting and extraction. The quantitative standard allowed LC-HRMS analysis of the cellular quotas of 1, 5, and other leadbeaterins in C. leadbeateri isolates UIO 035, UIO 393, and UIO 394, revealing minor variations in toxin accumulation. |
| title | Structure elucidation of leadbeaterin-1, an ichthyotoxin associated with fish-killing blooms of Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in Northern Norwegian fjords. |
| topic | Norway Marine Toxins Dinoflagellida Harmful Algal Bloom Animals Molecular Structure Chromatography, Liquid |
| url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42178159/ |