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Main Author:	Mariana Igoillo-Esteve
Format:	Artículo científico
Language:	en
Published:	Academia Brasileira de Ciências 2007
Subjects:	Multidisciplinaria (Ciencias Naturales y Exactas) Chagas disease oxidative stress NADPH generation Trypanosoma cruzi pentose phosphate pathway
Online Access:	https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32779407
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The pentose phosphate pathway in Trypanosoma cruzi: a potential target for the chemotherapy of Chagas disease Mariana Igoillo-Esteve Dante Maugeri Ana L. Stern Paula Beluardi Juan J. Cazzulo Multidisciplinaria (Ciencias Naturales y Exactas) Chagas disease oxidative stress NADPH generation Trypanosoma cruzi pentose phosphate pathway Trypanosoma cruzi is highly sensitive to oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species. Trypanothione, theparasites major protection against oxidative stress, is kept reduced by trypanothione reductase, using NADPH; themajor source of the reduced coenzyme seems to be the pentose phosphate pathway. Its seven enzymes are presentin the four major stages in the parasites biological cycle; we have cloned and expressed them in Escherichia colias active proteins. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which controls glucose flux through the pathway by itsresponse to the NADP/NADPH ratio, is encoded by a number of genes per haploid genome, and is induced up to46-fold by hydrogen peroxide in metacyclic trypomastigotes. The genes encoding 6-phosphogluconolactonase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, transaldolase and transketolase are present in the CL Brener clone as a single copyper haploid genome. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is very unstable, but was stabilized introducing two saltbridges by site-directed mutagenesis. Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase belongs to Type B; genes encoding Type Aenzymes, present in mammals, are absent. Ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase is encoded by two genes. The enzymesof the pathway have a major cytosolic component, although several of them have a secondary glycosomal localization,and also minor localizations in other organelles. 2007 artículo científico 0001-3765 https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32779407 en http://www.redalyc.org/revista.oa?id=327 Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências application/pdf Academia Brasileira de Ciências Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (Brasil) Num.4 Vol.79

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

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