Poliomyelitis and its Elimination in Cuba: An Historical Overview
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| Natura: | Artículo científico |
| Lingua: | es |
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Medical Education Cooperation with Cuba
2013
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| _version_ | 1876445235514441728 |
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| author | Enrique Beldarraín |
| author_facet | Enrique Beldarraín |
| contents | Poliomyelitis and its Elimination in Cuba: An Historical Overview Enrique Beldarraín Medicina Cuba History vaccination epidemiology poliomyelitis INTRODUCTION Polio was rst detected in Cuba in the late 19th century among residents of the US community on the Isla de Pinos (Isle of Pines, now Isle of Youth), apparently introduced through migration from the USA. The rst outbreak was reported in 1906 on the Isle, with the rst epidemic reported in the former province of Las Villas in 1909. The epidemics subsequently intensi ed, by 1934 becoming periodic every four to ve years, and accompanied by high morbidity, mortality and crippling sequelae, primarily among children.OBJECTIVE To review and analyze the history of polio and its control in Cuba, from the disease’s rst appearance in 1898 until WHO/PAHO certi cation of elimination in 1994.METHODS The historiological method was used; archival doc-uments, medical records, and available polio morbidity and mortality statistics from the Ministry of Public Health’s National Statistics Division before 1959 and from 1959 through 2000 were reviewed. Crude morbidity and mortality rates were calculated using population estimates at mid-period. Reports and scien-tific publications describing polio vaccination campaigns and their results were also reviewed, and key informants were inter-viewed. RESULTS After initial introduction of polio in Cuba, ve major epidem-ics occurred between 1932 and 1958: in 1934 (434 cases, 82 deaths); 1942 (494 cases, 58 deaths); 1946 (239 cases, 33 deaths), 1952 (492 cases, 15 deaths) and 1955 (267 cases, 8 deaths). Between 1957 and 1961 the disease’s endemicity reached epidemic levels, with the last outbreak occurring in 1961, with 342 cases, 30% of them in chil-dren aged >4 years.In 1962, Cuba launched a nationwide polio vaccination campaign, the rst of annual campaigns thereafter carried out in the framework of a coherent national program aimed at polio elimination. Using the Sabin oral vaccine and targeting the entire pediatric population in a single time period, ve million doses were administered in the rst campaign, reach-ing 87.5% of the target population aged 1 month through 14 years, con-stituting 109.4% of planned coverage. Since that year, no deaths from polio have been recorded (there were ten cases between 1963 and 1989) and WHO/PAHO certi ed polio elimination in Cuba in 1994.CONCLUSIONS Cuba controlled polio with effective vaccination strategies and appropriate epidemiological measures, in the context of social, nancial and political support. 2013 artículo científico 1555-7960 https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=437542093007 es http://www.redalyc.org/revista.oa?id=4375 MEDICC Review application/pdf Medical Education Cooperation with Cuba MEDICC Review (Estados Unidos de América) Num.2 Vol.15 |
| format | Artículo científico |
| id | redalyc_437542093007 |
| institution | Redalyc |
| language | es |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | Medical Education Cooperation with Cuba |
| spellingShingle | Poliomyelitis and its Elimination in Cuba: An Historical Overview Enrique Beldarraín Medicina Cuba History vaccination epidemiology poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis and its Elimination in Cuba: An Historical Overview Enrique Beldarraín Medicina Cuba History vaccination epidemiology poliomyelitis INTRODUCTION Polio was rst detected in Cuba in the late 19th century among residents of the US community on the Isla de Pinos (Isle of Pines, now Isle of Youth), apparently introduced through migration from the USA. The rst outbreak was reported in 1906 on the Isle, with the rst epidemic reported in the former province of Las Villas in 1909. The epidemics subsequently intensi ed, by 1934 becoming periodic every four to ve years, and accompanied by high morbidity, mortality and crippling sequelae, primarily among children.OBJECTIVE To review and analyze the history of polio and its control in Cuba, from the disease’s rst appearance in 1898 until WHO/PAHO certi cation of elimination in 1994.METHODS The historiological method was used; archival doc-uments, medical records, and available polio morbidity and mortality statistics from the Ministry of Public Health’s National Statistics Division before 1959 and from 1959 through 2000 were reviewed. Crude morbidity and mortality rates were calculated using population estimates at mid-period. Reports and scien-tific publications describing polio vaccination campaigns and their results were also reviewed, and key informants were inter-viewed. RESULTS After initial introduction of polio in Cuba, ve major epidem-ics occurred between 1932 and 1958: in 1934 (434 cases, 82 deaths); 1942 (494 cases, 58 deaths); 1946 (239 cases, 33 deaths), 1952 (492 cases, 15 deaths) and 1955 (267 cases, 8 deaths). Between 1957 and 1961 the disease’s endemicity reached epidemic levels, with the last outbreak occurring in 1961, with 342 cases, 30% of them in chil-dren aged >4 years.In 1962, Cuba launched a nationwide polio vaccination campaign, the rst of annual campaigns thereafter carried out in the framework of a coherent national program aimed at polio elimination. Using the Sabin oral vaccine and targeting the entire pediatric population in a single time period, ve million doses were administered in the rst campaign, reach-ing 87.5% of the target population aged 1 month through 14 years, con-stituting 109.4% of planned coverage. Since that year, no deaths from polio have been recorded (there were ten cases between 1963 and 1989) and WHO/PAHO certi ed polio elimination in Cuba in 1994.CONCLUSIONS Cuba controlled polio with effective vaccination strategies and appropriate epidemiological measures, in the context of social, nancial and political support. 2013 artículo científico 1555-7960 https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=437542093007 es http://www.redalyc.org/revista.oa?id=4375 MEDICC Review application/pdf Medical Education Cooperation with Cuba MEDICC Review (Estados Unidos de América) Num.2 Vol.15 |
| title | Poliomyelitis and its Elimination in Cuba: An Historical Overview |
| topic | Medicina Cuba History vaccination epidemiology poliomyelitis |
| url | https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=437542093007 |