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Main Author:	Marina Elizabet Forastier
Format:	Artículo científico
Language:	en
Published:	Universidad de Costa Rica 2016
Subjects:	Biología hepatotoxins Yacyretá dam microcystins Microcystis aeruginosa
Online Access:	https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44943437018
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Occurrence and toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria) in the Paraná River, downstream of the Yacyretá dam (Argentina) Marina Elizabet Forastier Yolanda Zalocar Dario Andrinolo Hugo Alberto Domitrovic Biología hepatotoxins Yacyretá dam microcystins Microcystis aeruginosa Cyanobacteria constitute the main toxin producers in inland water ecosystems and have extensiveglobal distribution. The presence of hepatotoxins in aquatic environments is hazardous to human and animalhealth; even though the presence and identification of hepatotoxic microcystins in rivers and reservoirs of theworld have been confirmed by several studies in the last few years. Herein, we studied the abundance and toxicityof Microcystis aeruginosa in the Argentine section of the Paraná River at the beginning of the Middle Paraná(Corrientes Hydrometer), near Corrientes city (27º28´ S - 58º51´ W) and approximately 220 km downstream ofthe Yacyretá dam (High Paraná). The Paraná River basin, with a drainage area of 3.1 x 106 km2 and 3 965 km inlength, is the second largest catchment of South America, after that of the Amazon. The Paraná River is the mainsource of drinking water supply for the Northeastern Argentine region. Phytoplankton samples were collectedand environmental variables were measured in a monthly basis (exceptionally fortnightly), from March 2004 toJune 2008. Fifty-eight samples were analyzed for phytoplankton density and biomass. Five samples were usedfor toxicity testing; the latter were obtained during the cyanobacteria blooms from 2005 to 2008. Phytoplanktoncounts were performed with an inverted microscope, and biomass was expressed as biovolume. Bioassays withmice and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were performed to evaluate the presenceof cyanotoxins. Phytoplankton mainly consisted of Cryptophyta, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta. Microcystisaeruginosa was identified during the warmer months each year (November to March). Density varied between189 and 25 027 cells/mL (1-10 colonies/mL) and biomass from 0.34 to 44 mm3/L. Taking into account thenumber of cells, the highest abundance occurred in April 2004 (25 027 cells/mL), coinciding with the largestbiovolume (44 mm3/L). All mice subjected to intraperitoneal injections with samples obtained during bloomepisodes showed positive results for the presence of hepatotoxins. Three microcystins variants: LR, RR and[D-Leu1] Mcyst-LR were detected by analysis with semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatographywith diode array detector system (HPLC-PDA). This constitutes the first report of microcystins recorded duringM. aeruginosa blooms in the Argentine stretch of the Paraná River at the beginning of the Middle Paraná(Corrientes Hydrometer), approximately 220 km downstream of the Yacyretá dam (High Paraná). 2016 artículo científico 0034-7744 https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44943437018 en http://www.redalyc.org/revista.oa?id=449 Revista de Biología Tropical application/pdf Universidad de Costa Rica Revista de Biología Tropical (Costa Rica) Num.1 Vol.64

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* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

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