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Main Author:	Irán Rodríguez Delgado
Format:	Artículo científico
Language:	es
Published:	Universidad Metropolitana 2020
Subjects:	Administración y Contabilidad sistema convencional sistema agroecológico eficiencia energética Gastos directos e indirectos
Online Access:	https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=721778107015
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BALANCE ENERGÉTICO COMO INDICADOR DE SOSTENIBILIDAD EN SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCIÓN AGRÍCOLA Irán Rodríguez Delgado Leidy Casimiro Rodríguez Hipólito Israel Pérez Iglesias Rigoberto Miguel García Batista Administración y Contabilidad sistema convencional sistema agroecológico eficiencia energética Gastos directos e indirectos Los sistemas de producción agrícolas enfrentan en la actualidad dificultades desde el punto de vista del balance energético, debido al incremento del consumo de combustibles fósiles y la disminución de la producción de cultivos. El objetivo del estudio de tipo descriptivo fue comparar la eficiencia energética de los sistemas de producción agroecológico y convencional mediante un balance de la energía consumida y producida en el cultivo del maíz; para lo cual se aplicaron encuestas con los decisores en cada sistema productivo, determinándose las frecuencias absolutas y relativas relacionadas con las actividades de trabajo humano y animal; y el empleo de semillas, maquinaria agrícola, fertilizantes y plaguicidas, además, de la eficiencia energética. En el sistema de producción agroecológico por cada kcal consumida en el proceso de producción de 1 ha de maíz se produjeron 6.3 kcal (balance positivo) y en el sistema convencional donde se emplean insumos químicos externos al predio productivo por cada kcal consumida se produjeron 0,75 kcal (balance negativo). El balance energético positivo influye en la sostenibilidad del sistema a mediano y largo plazo; y el cuidado del ambiente, no así en el sistema de producción convencional donde se presenta afectación al ambiente. 2020 artículo científico 2661-6521 https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=721778107015 es http://www.redalyc.org/revista.oa?id=7217 Revista Metropolitana de Ciencias Aplicadas application/pdf Universidad Metropolitana Revista Metropolitana de Ciencias Aplicadas (Ecuador) Num.3 Vol.3

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

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