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Auteur principal:	OSCAR ÁLVAREZ SAN-JAIME
Format:	Artículo científico
Langue:	es
Publié:	Universidad de Zaragoza 2007
Sujets:	Economía y Finanzas Precios congestión externalidades coste marginal social transporte interurbano
Accès en ligne:	https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=96915878006
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PRECIOS ÓPTIMOS EN EL TRANSPORTE INTERURBANO POR CARRETERA OSCAR ÁLVAREZ SAN-JAIME PEDRO CANTOS SÁNCHEZ ROBERTO PEREIRA MOREIRA Economía y Finanzas Precios congestión externalidades coste marginal social transporte interurbano La publicación del Libro Blanco [European Transport Policy for 2010 (2001)] reconoce la necesidad de fijar un precio eficiente para cualquier infraestructura de transporte, esto es, fijar un precio que iguale el coste marginal social, lo que conlleva establecer una estructura variable de precios, que dependa del tipo de vehículo y de vía, así como del momento temporal en que se analiza el tráfico. Nuestro trabajo tiene como objetivo principal la identificación y estimación de los principales componentes que integrarían un precio óptimo para el transporte interurbano por carretera en España. Utilizando datos para el año 2000 se estima dicha estructura de precios óptimos diferenciando por tipo de vehículo, y se comparan con los precios que se derivan del actual sistema impositivo sobre la carretera. 2007 artículo científico 1133-455X https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=96915878006 es http://www.redalyc.org/revista.oa?id=969 Revista de Economía Aplicada application/pdf Universidad de Zaragoza Revista de Economía Aplicada (España) Num.45 Vol.XV

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

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