Time Since Death Estimation via mRNA Expression of GAPDH and ACTB in Human Skeletal Muscle
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Wiley
2025
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| author | Veena Devi Tulika Gupta Ujjwal Jit Kaur Priya Mehra Asha Rao Ranjana Bharti Parmod Singh Munish Kumar Kalu Ram |
| author_facet | Veena Devi Tulika Gupta Ujjwal Jit Kaur Priya Mehra Asha Rao Ranjana Bharti Parmod Singh Munish Kumar Kalu Ram Veena Devi Tulika Gupta Ujjwal Jit Kaur Priya Mehra Asha Rao Ranjana Bharti Parmod Singh Munish Kumar Kalu Ram |
| collection | Wiley Open Access |
| contents | Time Since Death Estimation via mRNA Expression of GAPDH and ACTB in Human Skeletal Muscle Veena Devi Tulika Gupta Ujjwal Jit Kaur Priya Mehra Asha Rao Ranjana Bharti Parmod Singh Munish Kumar Kalu Ram Clinical Anatomy ABSTRACT Meticulous determination of the time since death (TSD) is critical in certain criminal investigations. This study aimed to identify optimal markers for TSD estimation and develop a mathematical model applicable under varying conditions. Glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and β‐Actin (ACTB) mRNA levels were analyzed in 10 human skeletal muscle samples using real‐time quantitative PCR at eight time intervals (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 h) within 48 h postmortem at 25°C. Among the candidate markers, GAPDH demonstrated the strongest correlation with times since death. At the same time, ACTB expression remained comparatively stable across all samples and time points as identified by RefFinder (reference gene analysis tool). Mathematical equations were developed using the C t values for GAPDH, ACTB, and Δ C t (GAPDH‐ACTB) and the cubic model gave the highest determination of coefficient while the error rates were low in the quadratic model. The findings indicate that ACTB is an optimal marker for estimating TSD within the 30 to 36‐h postmortem interval, while GAPDH is more suitable for the 36 to 48‐h period. 10.1002/ca.70026 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/ca.70026 |
| format | Artículo Open Access |
| id | wiley_oa_10_1002_ca_70026 |
| institution | Wiley Open Access |
| license_str_mv | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | wiley_oa |
| spellingShingle | Time Since Death Estimation via mRNA Expression of GAPDH and ACTB in Human Skeletal Muscle Veena Devi Tulika Gupta Ujjwal Jit Kaur Priya Mehra Asha Rao Ranjana Bharti Parmod Singh Munish Kumar Kalu Ram Clinical Anatomy Time Since Death Estimation via mRNA Expression of GAPDH and ACTB in Human Skeletal Muscle Veena Devi Tulika Gupta Ujjwal Jit Kaur Priya Mehra Asha Rao Ranjana Bharti Parmod Singh Munish Kumar Kalu Ram Clinical Anatomy ABSTRACT Meticulous determination of the time since death (TSD) is critical in certain criminal investigations. This study aimed to identify optimal markers for TSD estimation and develop a mathematical model applicable under varying conditions. Glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and β‐Actin (ACTB) mRNA levels were analyzed in 10 human skeletal muscle samples using real‐time quantitative PCR at eight time intervals (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 h) within 48 h postmortem at 25°C. Among the candidate markers, GAPDH demonstrated the strongest correlation with times since death. At the same time, ACTB expression remained comparatively stable across all samples and time points as identified by RefFinder (reference gene analysis tool). Mathematical equations were developed using the C t values for GAPDH, ACTB, and Δ C t (GAPDH‐ACTB) and the cubic model gave the highest determination of coefficient while the error rates were low in the quadratic model. The findings indicate that ACTB is an optimal marker for estimating TSD within the 30 to 36‐h postmortem interval, while GAPDH is more suitable for the 36 to 48‐h period. 10.1002/ca.70026 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
| title | Time Since Death Estimation via mRNA Expression of GAPDH and ACTB in Human Skeletal Muscle |
| topic | Clinical Anatomy |
| url | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ca.70026 |