Cognitive Triad and Depression: A Meta‐Analysis of Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Studies
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| Format: | Artículo Open Access |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1867003771095089152 |
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| author | Ziqin Huang Yuchen Zhu Lele Feng Liechuan Cui Zhan Wang Zhongfang Fu Xinfeng Tang |
| author_facet | Ziqin Huang Yuchen Zhu Lele Feng Liechuan Cui Zhan Wang Zhongfang Fu Xinfeng Tang Ziqin Huang Yuchen Zhu Lele Feng Liechuan Cui Zhan Wang Zhongfang Fu Xinfeng Tang |
| collection | Wiley Open Access |
| contents | Cognitive Triad and Depression: A Meta‐Analysis of Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Studies Ziqin Huang Yuchen Zhu Lele Feng Liechuan Cui Zhan Wang Zhongfang Fu Xinfeng Tang Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy ABSTRACT A large body of research has examined the association between the cognitive triad (negative views of the self, the world and the future) and depression; however, findings regarding its strength and direction remain inconsistent. The present meta‐analysis systematically synthesized existing empirical evidence to evaluate both cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between the cognitive triad and depression. A three‐level random‐effects model was used to pool correlation coefficients ( r ) for cross‐sectional associations, and cross‐lagged regression models were applied to test prospective relations. Fifty‐nine cross‐sectional studies (132 effect sizes) were included, demonstrating a strong overall association between the cognitive triad and depressive symptoms ( r = 0.596, 95% confidence interval, CI [0.546, 0.622]). Depressive symptoms were most strongly associated with a negative view of the self ( r = 0.593), followed by a negative view of the world ( r = 0.558) and the future ( r = 0.538). Exploratory cross‐lagged analyses were conducted across eight longitudinal studies. Preliminary results suggested that depressive symptoms at Time 1 predicted more negative cognitive triad scores at Time 2 ( β = 0.160, 95% CI [0.100, 0.220]). The prospective effect of the cognitive triad on later depressive symptoms appeared to be moderated by age group; this effect was significant among participants aged 15 years or older ( β = 0.187, 95% CI [0.112, 0.261]) but not among those below 15 years ( β = −0.035, 95% CI [−0.122, 0.051]). The findings indicate a strong association between the cognitive triad and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, exploratory longitudinal analyses provide preliminary evidence for a prospective effect of depressive symptoms on subsequent negative cognitions and suggest a potential developmental shift in cognitive vulnerability to depression from late adolescence into adulthood. 10.1002/cpp.70282 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/cpp.70282 |
| format | Artículo Open Access |
| id | wiley_oa_10_1002_cpp_70282 |
| institution | Wiley Open Access |
| license_str_mv | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | wiley_oa |
| spellingShingle | Cognitive Triad and Depression: A Meta‐Analysis of Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Studies Ziqin Huang Yuchen Zhu Lele Feng Liechuan Cui Zhan Wang Zhongfang Fu Xinfeng Tang Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy Cognitive Triad and Depression: A Meta‐Analysis of Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Studies Ziqin Huang Yuchen Zhu Lele Feng Liechuan Cui Zhan Wang Zhongfang Fu Xinfeng Tang Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy ABSTRACT A large body of research has examined the association between the cognitive triad (negative views of the self, the world and the future) and depression; however, findings regarding its strength and direction remain inconsistent. The present meta‐analysis systematically synthesized existing empirical evidence to evaluate both cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between the cognitive triad and depression. A three‐level random‐effects model was used to pool correlation coefficients ( r ) for cross‐sectional associations, and cross‐lagged regression models were applied to test prospective relations. Fifty‐nine cross‐sectional studies (132 effect sizes) were included, demonstrating a strong overall association between the cognitive triad and depressive symptoms ( r = 0.596, 95% confidence interval, CI [0.546, 0.622]). Depressive symptoms were most strongly associated with a negative view of the self ( r = 0.593), followed by a negative view of the world ( r = 0.558) and the future ( r = 0.538). Exploratory cross‐lagged analyses were conducted across eight longitudinal studies. Preliminary results suggested that depressive symptoms at Time 1 predicted more negative cognitive triad scores at Time 2 ( β = 0.160, 95% CI [0.100, 0.220]). The prospective effect of the cognitive triad on later depressive symptoms appeared to be moderated by age group; this effect was significant among participants aged 15 years or older ( β = 0.187, 95% CI [0.112, 0.261]) but not among those below 15 years ( β = −0.035, 95% CI [−0.122, 0.051]). The findings indicate a strong association between the cognitive triad and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, exploratory longitudinal analyses provide preliminary evidence for a prospective effect of depressive symptoms on subsequent negative cognitions and suggest a potential developmental shift in cognitive vulnerability to depression from late adolescence into adulthood. 10.1002/cpp.70282 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
| title | Cognitive Triad and Depression: A Meta‐Analysis of Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Studies |
| topic | Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy |
| url | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpp.70282 |