Synergistic effects of CNF‐TiO2 composites and process parameters on DMFC performance enhancement
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Wiley
2025
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| author | Muhammad Syafiq Alias Siti Kartom Kamarudin Wei Lun Ang Mohd Shahbudin Masdar Norilhamiah Yahya Nabila A. Karim |
| author_facet | Muhammad Syafiq Alias Siti Kartom Kamarudin Wei Lun Ang Mohd Shahbudin Masdar Norilhamiah Yahya Nabila A. Karim Muhammad Syafiq Alias Siti Kartom Kamarudin Wei Lun Ang Mohd Shahbudin Masdar Norilhamiah Yahya Nabila A. Karim |
| collection | Wiley Open Access |
| contents | Synergistic effects of CNF‐TiO2 composites and process parameters on DMFC performance enhancement Muhammad Syafiq Alias Siti Kartom Kamarudin Wei Lun Ang Mohd Shahbudin Masdar Norilhamiah Yahya Nabila A. Karim Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology AbstractBACKGROUNDDirect methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) face challenges from methanol crossover and performance degradation caused by inefficient microporous layer (MPL) designs, where conventional carbon‐based MPLs show limitations in surface coverage uniformity, catalyst utilization efficiency, and pore structure balance. To address these issues, this study developed an optimized MPL using carbon nanofiber‐titanium dioxide (CNF‐TiO2) composites through parametric optimization of the fabrication process. Key variables included MPL loading density, CNF:TiO2 mass ratio, Nafion binder concentration, and methanol feed concentration, which were analyzed via screening experiments and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using a Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimization targeted three response metrics: power density (R1), open‐circuit voltage (R2), and peak current density (R3).RESULTSThe results demonstrated that the modified CNF‐TiO2 microporous layer (MPL) exhibited a synergistic effect when optimized with the selected parameters. Initial screening experiments examined MPL loading, CNF‐to‐TiO2 ratio, Nafion® content, and methanol concentration, revealing that the composition ratio, Nafion® content, and methanol concentration had significant impacts on the cell's performance responses. These key parameters were further explored using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimized MPL exhibited improved surface coverage and promoted pore development, resulting in 1.22% microporosity and 34.31% mesoporosity. As a result, the composite MPL enhanced peak power density by 55%, reaching 70.43 mW cm−2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that the improvements in power density, open‐circuit voltage, and optimal current density were statistically significant, highlighting the effectiveness of the composite MPL design and process optimization in enhancing DMFC performance.CONCLUSIONThese findings highlight the essential need to integrate nanocomposite engineering with parametric optimization to achieve coverage uniformity, catalyst utilization efficiency, and pore structure balance. The research presents a verified methodology for multi‐objective optimization in DMFCs, enhancing scalable, high‐performance fuel cell systems for sustainable energy applications. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). 10.1002/jctb.70021 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/jctb.70021 |
| format | Artículo Open Access |
| id | wiley_oa_10_1002_jctb_70021 |
| institution | Wiley Open Access |
| license_str_mv | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | wiley_oa |
| spellingShingle | Synergistic effects of CNF‐TiO2 composites and process parameters on DMFC performance enhancement Muhammad Syafiq Alias Siti Kartom Kamarudin Wei Lun Ang Mohd Shahbudin Masdar Norilhamiah Yahya Nabila A. Karim Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology Synergistic effects of CNF‐TiO2 composites and process parameters on DMFC performance enhancement Muhammad Syafiq Alias Siti Kartom Kamarudin Wei Lun Ang Mohd Shahbudin Masdar Norilhamiah Yahya Nabila A. Karim Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology AbstractBACKGROUNDDirect methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) face challenges from methanol crossover and performance degradation caused by inefficient microporous layer (MPL) designs, where conventional carbon‐based MPLs show limitations in surface coverage uniformity, catalyst utilization efficiency, and pore structure balance. To address these issues, this study developed an optimized MPL using carbon nanofiber‐titanium dioxide (CNF‐TiO2) composites through parametric optimization of the fabrication process. Key variables included MPL loading density, CNF:TiO2 mass ratio, Nafion binder concentration, and methanol feed concentration, which were analyzed via screening experiments and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using a Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimization targeted three response metrics: power density (R1), open‐circuit voltage (R2), and peak current density (R3).RESULTSThe results demonstrated that the modified CNF‐TiO2 microporous layer (MPL) exhibited a synergistic effect when optimized with the selected parameters. Initial screening experiments examined MPL loading, CNF‐to‐TiO2 ratio, Nafion® content, and methanol concentration, revealing that the composition ratio, Nafion® content, and methanol concentration had significant impacts on the cell's performance responses. These key parameters were further explored using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimized MPL exhibited improved surface coverage and promoted pore development, resulting in 1.22% microporosity and 34.31% mesoporosity. As a result, the composite MPL enhanced peak power density by 55%, reaching 70.43 mW cm−2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that the improvements in power density, open‐circuit voltage, and optimal current density were statistically significant, highlighting the effectiveness of the composite MPL design and process optimization in enhancing DMFC performance.CONCLUSIONThese findings highlight the essential need to integrate nanocomposite engineering with parametric optimization to achieve coverage uniformity, catalyst utilization efficiency, and pore structure balance. The research presents a verified methodology for multi‐objective optimization in DMFCs, enhancing scalable, high‐performance fuel cell systems for sustainable energy applications. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). 10.1002/jctb.70021 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
| title | Synergistic effects of CNF‐TiO2 composites and process parameters on DMFC performance enhancement |
| topic | Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology |
| url | https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jctb.70021 |