Chemical Mixture Exposures and Their Effects on Sensitisation and Elicitation Responses: A Systematic Review
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| Format: | Artículo Open Access |
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Wiley
2025
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| author | Mikkel Bak Jensen Jose Hernán Alfonso Alexandra Teresa Seibel Steen Mollerup Martin F. Wilks Gianluca Selvestrel Christina Rudén Mayes Alswady‐Hoff Jakob Ferløv Baselius Schwensen Charlotte Menne Bonefeld Jeanne Duus Johansen |
| author_facet | Mikkel Bak Jensen Jose Hernán Alfonso Alexandra Teresa Seibel Steen Mollerup Martin F. Wilks Gianluca Selvestrel Christina Rudén Mayes Alswady‐Hoff Jakob Ferløv Baselius Schwensen Charlotte Menne Bonefeld Jeanne Duus Johansen Mikkel Bak Jensen Jose Hernán Alfonso Alexandra Teresa Seibel Steen Mollerup Martin F. Wilks Gianluca Selvestrel Christina Rudén Mayes Alswady‐Hoff Jakob Ferløv Baselius Schwensen Charlotte Menne Bonefeld Jeanne Duus Johansen |
| collection | Wiley Open Access |
| contents | Chemical Mixture Exposures and Their Effects on Sensitisation and Elicitation Responses: A Systematic Review Mikkel Bak Jensen Jose Hernán Alfonso Alexandra Teresa Seibel Steen Mollerup Martin F. Wilks Gianluca Selvestrel Christina Rudén Mayes Alswady‐Hoff Jakob Ferløv Baselius Schwensen Charlotte Menne Bonefeld Jeanne Duus Johansen Contact Dermatitis ABSTRACT Consumers and workers are generally exposed to multiple allergens and irritants simultaneously in products. This systematic review of 13 studies: 4 clinical, 6 animal, and 3 in vitro studies, suggests that co‐exposure often enhances both sensitisation and elicitation reactions. When an irritant is combined with an allergen, the threshold for sensitisation and elicitation is lowered, and the severity of reactions is increased. Animal models suggest that weak allergens, when combined, can elicit responses at individual subthreshold doses, supporting their role as immune‐enhancing adjuvants. Current regulations generally assess allergens or irritants in isolation, potentially overlooking the combined effects of low‐level exposures from everyday products. There is a need to refine safety standards and ensure that risk assessment tools reflect real‐world interactions between multiple allergens and irritants. Contact allergy is frequent and increasing in the population. A clearer understanding of mixture effects in sensitisation and elicitation responses is essential to protect the general population from developing contact allergy. 10.1111/cod.70069 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/cod.70069 |
| format | Artículo Open Access |
| id | wiley_oa_10_1111_cod_70069 |
| institution | Wiley Open Access |
| license_str_mv | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | wiley_oa |
| spellingShingle | Chemical Mixture Exposures and Their Effects on Sensitisation and Elicitation Responses: A Systematic Review Mikkel Bak Jensen Jose Hernán Alfonso Alexandra Teresa Seibel Steen Mollerup Martin F. Wilks Gianluca Selvestrel Christina Rudén Mayes Alswady‐Hoff Jakob Ferløv Baselius Schwensen Charlotte Menne Bonefeld Jeanne Duus Johansen Contact Dermatitis Chemical Mixture Exposures and Their Effects on Sensitisation and Elicitation Responses: A Systematic Review Mikkel Bak Jensen Jose Hernán Alfonso Alexandra Teresa Seibel Steen Mollerup Martin F. Wilks Gianluca Selvestrel Christina Rudén Mayes Alswady‐Hoff Jakob Ferløv Baselius Schwensen Charlotte Menne Bonefeld Jeanne Duus Johansen Contact Dermatitis ABSTRACT Consumers and workers are generally exposed to multiple allergens and irritants simultaneously in products. This systematic review of 13 studies: 4 clinical, 6 animal, and 3 in vitro studies, suggests that co‐exposure often enhances both sensitisation and elicitation reactions. When an irritant is combined with an allergen, the threshold for sensitisation and elicitation is lowered, and the severity of reactions is increased. Animal models suggest that weak allergens, when combined, can elicit responses at individual subthreshold doses, supporting their role as immune‐enhancing adjuvants. Current regulations generally assess allergens or irritants in isolation, potentially overlooking the combined effects of low‐level exposures from everyday products. There is a need to refine safety standards and ensure that risk assessment tools reflect real‐world interactions between multiple allergens and irritants. Contact allergy is frequent and increasing in the population. A clearer understanding of mixture effects in sensitisation and elicitation responses is essential to protect the general population from developing contact allergy. 10.1111/cod.70069 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
| title | Chemical Mixture Exposures and Their Effects on Sensitisation and Elicitation Responses: A Systematic Review |
| topic | Contact Dermatitis |
| url | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cod.70069 |