Artificial Ripening of Mangoes Marketed in Pakistan: Impact on Physicochemical Properties and Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Elements
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2025
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| author | Usama Nasir Amir Ismail Muhammad Riaz Kashif Razzaq Asif Mahmood Waheed Al Masry Muhammad Latif Farwa Aslam Sher Ali Carlos A. F. Oliveira |
| author_facet | Usama Nasir Amir Ismail Muhammad Riaz Kashif Razzaq Asif Mahmood Waheed Al Masry Muhammad Latif Farwa Aslam Sher Ali Carlos A. F. Oliveira Usama Nasir Amir Ismail Muhammad Riaz Kashif Razzaq Asif Mahmood Waheed Al Masry Muhammad Latif Farwa Aslam Sher Ali Carlos A. F. Oliveira |
| collection | Wiley Open Access |
| contents | Artificial Ripening of Mangoes Marketed in Pakistan: Impact on Physicochemical Properties and Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Elements Usama Nasir Amir Ismail Muhammad Riaz Kashif Razzaq Asif Mahmood Waheed Al Masry Muhammad Latif Farwa Aslam Sher Ali Carlos A. F. Oliveira Journal of Food Safety ABSTRACT Mango fruits ( Mangifera indica L.) significantly contribute to dietary diversity and economic growth, especially in East Asian regions. This study assessed the safety, quality, and nutritional impact of various ripening agents on mangoes commonly used in Pakistan, focusing on their biochemical properties, nutrient composition, and contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Mangoes were ripened naturally (control) or artificially by using commercial‐grade calcium carbide (CaC 2 ), commercially available ethylene ripener sachets, or ethylene gas from a gas generator. Mangoes ripened with CaC 2 exhibited the highest total soluble solid/titratable acidity ratio and lowest ascorbic acid (vitamin C) levels, indicating inferior quality compared with ethylene gas or naturally ripened mangoes. CaC 2 ‐ripened mangoes also had the lowest percentages of moisture, protein, and carbohydrates along with the highest ash and fiber contents, while ethylene gas‐treated mangoes retained nutrient composition closer to the control group (naturally ripened). PTE analysis indicated elevated mean levels of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in mangoes ripened by commercial CaC 2 and ethylene ripener sachets, exceeding maximum levels internationally recommended. Hazard quotient and cancer risk (CR) values for PTE in mangoes from all treatments were below reference limits, except for fruits ripened with CaC 2 , which presented a CR value of 1.4 × 10 −3 for As. This value exceeded the acceptable upper limit (1.0 × 10 −4 ) of CR for PTE, thus indicating a potential carcinogenic risk for As through the consumption of mangoes ripened with CaC 2 . These findings underscore the need for strict food safety regulations in Pakistan and the development of safer ripening alternatives for in‐transit fruit handling. 10.1111/jfs.70021 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/jfs.70021 |
| format | Artículo Open Access |
| id | wiley_oa_10_1111_jfs_70021 |
| institution | Wiley Open Access |
| license_str_mv | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | wiley_oa |
| spellingShingle | Artificial Ripening of Mangoes Marketed in Pakistan: Impact on Physicochemical Properties and Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Elements Usama Nasir Amir Ismail Muhammad Riaz Kashif Razzaq Asif Mahmood Waheed Al Masry Muhammad Latif Farwa Aslam Sher Ali Carlos A. F. Oliveira Journal of Food Safety Artificial Ripening of Mangoes Marketed in Pakistan: Impact on Physicochemical Properties and Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Elements Usama Nasir Amir Ismail Muhammad Riaz Kashif Razzaq Asif Mahmood Waheed Al Masry Muhammad Latif Farwa Aslam Sher Ali Carlos A. F. Oliveira Journal of Food Safety ABSTRACT Mango fruits ( Mangifera indica L.) significantly contribute to dietary diversity and economic growth, especially in East Asian regions. This study assessed the safety, quality, and nutritional impact of various ripening agents on mangoes commonly used in Pakistan, focusing on their biochemical properties, nutrient composition, and contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Mangoes were ripened naturally (control) or artificially by using commercial‐grade calcium carbide (CaC 2 ), commercially available ethylene ripener sachets, or ethylene gas from a gas generator. Mangoes ripened with CaC 2 exhibited the highest total soluble solid/titratable acidity ratio and lowest ascorbic acid (vitamin C) levels, indicating inferior quality compared with ethylene gas or naturally ripened mangoes. CaC 2 ‐ripened mangoes also had the lowest percentages of moisture, protein, and carbohydrates along with the highest ash and fiber contents, while ethylene gas‐treated mangoes retained nutrient composition closer to the control group (naturally ripened). PTE analysis indicated elevated mean levels of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in mangoes ripened by commercial CaC 2 and ethylene ripener sachets, exceeding maximum levels internationally recommended. Hazard quotient and cancer risk (CR) values for PTE in mangoes from all treatments were below reference limits, except for fruits ripened with CaC 2 , which presented a CR value of 1.4 × 10 −3 for As. This value exceeded the acceptable upper limit (1.0 × 10 −4 ) of CR for PTE, thus indicating a potential carcinogenic risk for As through the consumption of mangoes ripened with CaC 2 . These findings underscore the need for strict food safety regulations in Pakistan and the development of safer ripening alternatives for in‐transit fruit handling. 10.1111/jfs.70021 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| title | Artificial Ripening of Mangoes Marketed in Pakistan: Impact on Physicochemical Properties and Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Elements |
| topic | Journal of Food Safety |
| url | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jfs.70021 |