Sarcocystis blastoceris Berra, Gast, Mor, e, Helman, Argibay & Orozco, 2023, n. sp.
Fuente:
Zenodo
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Recurso digital |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Zenodo
2023
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| _version_ | 1866902230511124480 |
|---|---|
| author | Berra, Yanina Gast Mor, on e Helman, Elisa Argibay, Hernan D. Orozco, M. Marcela |
| author_facet | Berra, Yanina Gast Mor, on e Helman, Elisa Argibay, Hernan D. Orozco, M. Marcela |
| contents | <p><i>Sarcocystis blastoceris</i> n. sp.</p><p>Named after the record in marsh deer muscles (<i>Blastocerus dichotomus</i>).</p><p>Sarcocysts morphology: thin-walled (≤1 μm) without visible protrusions at optical microscopy. Measured up to 650 μm long and 70 μm wide. Cyst wall ultrastructure by TEM formed by a layer of ground substance and the outer unit membrane which form small invaginations into the ground substance giving an undulating appearance, from which arise bent ribbon-like protrusions folded over the cyst surface. Smooth ground substance layer measured 0.4 μm thick.</p><p>Intermediate hosts: Marsh deer (<i>Blastocerus dichotomus</i>).</p><p>Distribution: Argentina and probably South America following distribution of intermediate host.</p><p>Definitive host: based on the phylogenetic results and predator-prey geographical distribution, highly probable to be wild native canids (i.e. <i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>, <i>Lycalopex gymnocercus</i>, <i>Cerdocyon thous</i>) and domestic dogs.</p><p>Molecular characteristics: sequences registered in GenBank from <i>18S rRNA</i> gene fragment (Accession numbers ON911503-ON911505) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) fragment (Accession numbers ON932790-ON932794).</p><p><b>4. Discussion</b></p><p>The current study presents a morphological and molecular characterization of an undescribed <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. found in muscles from marsh deer from Argentina. A moderate frequency was observed by optical microscopy, observing sarcocysts in muscles from 6/14 animals. Some of the samples were in advanced autolysis. Therefore, the true prevalence of <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. in marsh deer may be even higher than reported here due to cyst disruption prior to or during homogenization (More´et al., 2011, 2013). <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. infected animals were observed in both sampled regions, being 5/ 10 in Ibera´and 1/ 4 in Delta. In Brazil, a frequency of <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. infection of 3/31 was observed in musculoskeletal system of marsh deer, also by optical microscopy (Navas-Suarez´et al., 2018). This lower proportion observed in Brazil could be due to a lower interspecific contact or deer predation. However, to confirm such a hypothesis, more representative samplings are required.</p><p>All the sarcocysts observed were microscopic and thin-walled. At optical microscopy, no evident protrusions were observed, similar to features from other <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. detected in cervids in Argentina (Chang Reissig et al., 2016, 2020). The cyst wall ultrastructure from four cysts obtained from two marsh deer from Ibera´Wetlands showing ribbon-like protrusions resembled other species in cervids muscles like <i>S. cervicanis S. grueneri, S. linearis, S. morae, S. taeniata</i> and <i>S. wapiti</i> (Gjerde, 2014a; Dubey et al., 2016; Gjerde et al., 2017a, b; Cerqueira-C´ezar et al., 2018; Delgado de Las Cuevas et al., 2019; Rudaityte-Luko ˙ˇsiene˙et al., 2021). A similar image was obtained previously from cysts in pudu muscles from Argentina (Chang Reissig et al., 2020). Altogether, the morphological information suggested that marsh deer are frequently infected with a single species, similar to other <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. affecting cervids worldwide and the <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. identified in pudu muscles in Argentina.</p><p>The molecular results reinforce the hypothesis of a single species present in marsh deer from Argentina. However, sequence identities (especially the ones from the <i>COI</i> gene) were below 90% with other <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. reported sequences. Other cervid species showed a greater diversity of <i>Sarcocysti</i> s spp. in muscles (Gjerde, 2014a; Dubey et al., 2016; Gjerde et al., 2017a, b; Rudaityte-Luko ˙ˇsiene˙et al., 2020a; Rudaityte-Luko ˙ˇsiene˙et al., 2020b; Rudaityte-Luko ˙ˇsiene˙et al., 2021), possibly a restricted predator-prey relationship is occurring with the marsh deer in South America, resulting in a reduced species variety. On the other hand, from 12 individual cysts or cyst portions, only eight resulted positive by <i>18S rRNA</i> PCR, and from only three samples, a sequence shorter than expected was obtained. Some of the samples were in an advanced autolysis process, which may have resulted in DNA degradation. Regarding the <i>ITS1</i> fragment, a low level of amplification was also observed, and no consensus sequence was achieved. Similar difficulties in amplifying and sequencing the <i>18S rRNA</i> and <i>ITS1</i> fragments from <i>S. wapiti</i> from North American <i>C. elaphus</i> have been mentioned by Cerqueira-C´ezar et al. (2018). Probably, the priming regions from <i>S. wapiti</i> and the species detected in marsh deer are not conserved, as previously assumed from most <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. (Dahlgren et al., 2008; More´et al., 2013). Additionally, an intraspecific sequence variation (both <i>18S rRNA</i> and <i>ITS1</i>) could also result in unintelligible sequences when the PCR products are sequenced directly. Despite the morphological similarity, the <i>18S rRNA</i> gene sequences obtained from <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. in marsh deer showed a low homology (93.7–96.7%) with sequences from <i>S. cervicanis</i> in red deer in Spain (Gjerde et al., 2017b) <i>S. grueneri</i> from reindeer in Norway (Dahlgren and Gjerde, 2007), <i>S. linearis</i> in roe deer from Spain and Lithuania (Rudaityt´e- Lukoˇsiene ˙ et al., 2020b), <i>S. morae</i> in fallow deer in Lithuania (Rudaityt´e- Lukoˇsiene ˙ et al., 2020a); <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. from pudu from Argentina (Chang Reissig et al., 2020), <i>S. taeniata</i> in sika deer in Lithuania (Prakas et al., 2016), <i>S. tarandivulpes</i> from reindeer from Iceland (Dahlgren et al., 2007) and <i>S. wapiti</i> from elk (Cerqueira-C´ezar et al., 2018). The differences at this target suggested that the <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. in marsh deer could be a different species. In addition, the sequences from the present study were phylogenetically positioned in the same branch with only a <i>S. grueneri</i> sequence. Several other sequences from <i>S. cervicanis</i>, <i>S. cruzi</i>, <i>S. hjorti</i>, S. iberica, <i>S. linearis, S. morae, S. rangi,</i> <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. from huemul and pudu in Argentina, <i>S. taeniata S. tenella</i>, <i>S. venatoria</i> and <i>S. wapiti</i> were distant related, however, according to the positioning it is possible that all these species shared a common ancestor. Since most of these species use canids as definitive hosts, the <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. in marsh deer may use canids too.</p><p>Aiming further characterization, different PCR (using two reverse primers) to obtain <i>COI</i> gene fragments were performed as previously reported for species using cervids as intermediate hosts (Gjerde, 2013; Gjerde et al., 2017a). Both combinations resulted in proper amplicons for sequencing, and good quality sequences were obtained from all three cysts previously analyzed by <i>18S rRNA</i>. These results reinforce the idea of priming failure or intraspecific sequence variation of <i>18S rRNA</i> and <i>ITS1</i> fragments. All the <i>COI</i> sequences obtained in the present study showed a high homology among them and a low homology with others reported in the GenBank, being up to 89.7% with several <i>S. grueneri</i> sequences, with the highest score with the sequence KC209624 from <i>Rangifer tarandus</i> from Norway (Gjerde, 2013).</p><p>As far as we know, there are no reports of <i>COI</i> sequences from <i>S. wapiti</i> (Cerqueira-C´ezar et al., 2018), so proper comparisons are not possible. Despite morphological similarities, the high sequence divergence at <i>18S rRNA</i> and <i>COI</i> allowed the assumption that <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. from marsh deer is a different species from <i>S. wapiti</i> and other <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. producing cysts in cervids muscles. Thus, we propose the name <i>Sarcocystis blastoceris</i> n. sp. for the species producing sarcocysts in marsh deer. In the phylogenetic tree, all <i>S. blastoceris COI</i> sequences are positioned along with sequences from <i>S. grueneri</i> from Norway (Gjerde, 2013) and with a sister clade containing sequences from <i>S. cervicanis</i>, <i>S. linearis, S. morae,</i> <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. from pudu in Argentina and <i>S. taeniata</i>. Several of these species are known to use canids as definitive hosts and suggest a potential common ancestor for these species (Dubey et al., 2016; Tuska-Szalay et al., 2021). Additionally, these native cervids are part of an alimentary chain being consumed (as prey or carrion) by domestic dogs (<i>Canis familiaris</i>) and different native canid species like maned wolf (<i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>), pampas fox (<i>Lycalopex gymnocercus</i>) and crab-eating fox (<i>Cerdocyon thous</i>) (Canevari et al., 2007).</p><p>In summary, the sarcocyst morphology, the positioning on the phylogenetic trees, and that marsh deer are frequently predated by dogs and foxes, allowed the assumption that <i>S. blastoceris</i> could have canids as definitive hosts.</p><p>Further studies should be conducted to properly identify naturally infected definitive hosts for <i>S. blastoceris</i> and its potential role on marsh deer health status.</p> |
| format | Recurso digital |
| id | zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_14590052 |
| institution | Zenodo |
| language | |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | Zenodo |
| record_format | zenodo |
| spellingShingle | Sarcocystis blastoceris Berra, Gast, Mor, e, Helman, Argibay & Orozco, 2023, n. sp. Berra, Yanina Gast Mor, on e Helman, Elisa Argibay, Hernan D. Orozco, M. Marcela Biodiversity Taxonomy Protozoa Microsporidia Microsporea Meiodihaplophasida Amblyosporidae Sarcocystis Sarcocystis blastoceris <p><i>Sarcocystis blastoceris</i> n. sp.</p><p>Named after the record in marsh deer muscles (<i>Blastocerus dichotomus</i>).</p><p>Sarcocysts morphology: thin-walled (≤1 μm) without visible protrusions at optical microscopy. Measured up to 650 μm long and 70 μm wide. Cyst wall ultrastructure by TEM formed by a layer of ground substance and the outer unit membrane which form small invaginations into the ground substance giving an undulating appearance, from which arise bent ribbon-like protrusions folded over the cyst surface. Smooth ground substance layer measured 0.4 μm thick.</p><p>Intermediate hosts: Marsh deer (<i>Blastocerus dichotomus</i>).</p><p>Distribution: Argentina and probably South America following distribution of intermediate host.</p><p>Definitive host: based on the phylogenetic results and predator-prey geographical distribution, highly probable to be wild native canids (i.e. <i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>, <i>Lycalopex gymnocercus</i>, <i>Cerdocyon thous</i>) and domestic dogs.</p><p>Molecular characteristics: sequences registered in GenBank from <i>18S rRNA</i> gene fragment (Accession numbers ON911503-ON911505) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) fragment (Accession numbers ON932790-ON932794).</p><p><b>4. Discussion</b></p><p>The current study presents a morphological and molecular characterization of an undescribed <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. found in muscles from marsh deer from Argentina. A moderate frequency was observed by optical microscopy, observing sarcocysts in muscles from 6/14 animals. Some of the samples were in advanced autolysis. Therefore, the true prevalence of <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. in marsh deer may be even higher than reported here due to cyst disruption prior to or during homogenization (More´et al., 2011, 2013). <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. infected animals were observed in both sampled regions, being 5/ 10 in Ibera´and 1/ 4 in Delta. In Brazil, a frequency of <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. infection of 3/31 was observed in musculoskeletal system of marsh deer, also by optical microscopy (Navas-Suarez´et al., 2018). This lower proportion observed in Brazil could be due to a lower interspecific contact or deer predation. However, to confirm such a hypothesis, more representative samplings are required.</p><p>All the sarcocysts observed were microscopic and thin-walled. At optical microscopy, no evident protrusions were observed, similar to features from other <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. detected in cervids in Argentina (Chang Reissig et al., 2016, 2020). The cyst wall ultrastructure from four cysts obtained from two marsh deer from Ibera´Wetlands showing ribbon-like protrusions resembled other species in cervids muscles like <i>S. cervicanis S. grueneri, S. linearis, S. morae, S. taeniata</i> and <i>S. wapiti</i> (Gjerde, 2014a; Dubey et al., 2016; Gjerde et al., 2017a, b; Cerqueira-C´ezar et al., 2018; Delgado de Las Cuevas et al., 2019; Rudaityte-Luko ˙ˇsiene˙et al., 2021). A similar image was obtained previously from cysts in pudu muscles from Argentina (Chang Reissig et al., 2020). Altogether, the morphological information suggested that marsh deer are frequently infected with a single species, similar to other <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. affecting cervids worldwide and the <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. identified in pudu muscles in Argentina.</p><p>The molecular results reinforce the hypothesis of a single species present in marsh deer from Argentina. However, sequence identities (especially the ones from the <i>COI</i> gene) were below 90% with other <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. reported sequences. Other cervid species showed a greater diversity of <i>Sarcocysti</i> s spp. in muscles (Gjerde, 2014a; Dubey et al., 2016; Gjerde et al., 2017a, b; Rudaityte-Luko ˙ˇsiene˙et al., 2020a; Rudaityte-Luko ˙ˇsiene˙et al., 2020b; Rudaityte-Luko ˙ˇsiene˙et al., 2021), possibly a restricted predator-prey relationship is occurring with the marsh deer in South America, resulting in a reduced species variety. On the other hand, from 12 individual cysts or cyst portions, only eight resulted positive by <i>18S rRNA</i> PCR, and from only three samples, a sequence shorter than expected was obtained. Some of the samples were in an advanced autolysis process, which may have resulted in DNA degradation. Regarding the <i>ITS1</i> fragment, a low level of amplification was also observed, and no consensus sequence was achieved. Similar difficulties in amplifying and sequencing the <i>18S rRNA</i> and <i>ITS1</i> fragments from <i>S. wapiti</i> from North American <i>C. elaphus</i> have been mentioned by Cerqueira-C´ezar et al. (2018). Probably, the priming regions from <i>S. wapiti</i> and the species detected in marsh deer are not conserved, as previously assumed from most <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. (Dahlgren et al., 2008; More´et al., 2013). Additionally, an intraspecific sequence variation (both <i>18S rRNA</i> and <i>ITS1</i>) could also result in unintelligible sequences when the PCR products are sequenced directly. Despite the morphological similarity, the <i>18S rRNA</i> gene sequences obtained from <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. in marsh deer showed a low homology (93.7–96.7%) with sequences from <i>S. cervicanis</i> in red deer in Spain (Gjerde et al., 2017b) <i>S. grueneri</i> from reindeer in Norway (Dahlgren and Gjerde, 2007), <i>S. linearis</i> in roe deer from Spain and Lithuania (Rudaityt´e- Lukoˇsiene ˙ et al., 2020b), <i>S. morae</i> in fallow deer in Lithuania (Rudaityt´e- Lukoˇsiene ˙ et al., 2020a); <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. from pudu from Argentina (Chang Reissig et al., 2020), <i>S. taeniata</i> in sika deer in Lithuania (Prakas et al., 2016), <i>S. tarandivulpes</i> from reindeer from Iceland (Dahlgren et al., 2007) and <i>S. wapiti</i> from elk (Cerqueira-C´ezar et al., 2018). The differences at this target suggested that the <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. in marsh deer could be a different species. In addition, the sequences from the present study were phylogenetically positioned in the same branch with only a <i>S. grueneri</i> sequence. Several other sequences from <i>S. cervicanis</i>, <i>S. cruzi</i>, <i>S. hjorti</i>, S. iberica, <i>S. linearis, S. morae, S. rangi,</i> <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. from huemul and pudu in Argentina, <i>S. taeniata S. tenella</i>, <i>S. venatoria</i> and <i>S. wapiti</i> were distant related, however, according to the positioning it is possible that all these species shared a common ancestor. Since most of these species use canids as definitive hosts, the <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. in marsh deer may use canids too.</p><p>Aiming further characterization, different PCR (using two reverse primers) to obtain <i>COI</i> gene fragments were performed as previously reported for species using cervids as intermediate hosts (Gjerde, 2013; Gjerde et al., 2017a). Both combinations resulted in proper amplicons for sequencing, and good quality sequences were obtained from all three cysts previously analyzed by <i>18S rRNA</i>. These results reinforce the idea of priming failure or intraspecific sequence variation of <i>18S rRNA</i> and <i>ITS1</i> fragments. All the <i>COI</i> sequences obtained in the present study showed a high homology among them and a low homology with others reported in the GenBank, being up to 89.7% with several <i>S. grueneri</i> sequences, with the highest score with the sequence KC209624 from <i>Rangifer tarandus</i> from Norway (Gjerde, 2013).</p><p>As far as we know, there are no reports of <i>COI</i> sequences from <i>S. wapiti</i> (Cerqueira-C´ezar et al., 2018), so proper comparisons are not possible. Despite morphological similarities, the high sequence divergence at <i>18S rRNA</i> and <i>COI</i> allowed the assumption that <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. from marsh deer is a different species from <i>S. wapiti</i> and other <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. producing cysts in cervids muscles. Thus, we propose the name <i>Sarcocystis blastoceris</i> n. sp. for the species producing sarcocysts in marsh deer. In the phylogenetic tree, all <i>S. blastoceris COI</i> sequences are positioned along with sequences from <i>S. grueneri</i> from Norway (Gjerde, 2013) and with a sister clade containing sequences from <i>S. cervicanis</i>, <i>S. linearis, S. morae,</i> <i>Sarcocystis</i> sp. from pudu in Argentina and <i>S. taeniata</i>. Several of these species are known to use canids as definitive hosts and suggest a potential common ancestor for these species (Dubey et al., 2016; Tuska-Szalay et al., 2021). Additionally, these native cervids are part of an alimentary chain being consumed (as prey or carrion) by domestic dogs (<i>Canis familiaris</i>) and different native canid species like maned wolf (<i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>), pampas fox (<i>Lycalopex gymnocercus</i>) and crab-eating fox (<i>Cerdocyon thous</i>) (Canevari et al., 2007).</p><p>In summary, the sarcocyst morphology, the positioning on the phylogenetic trees, and that marsh deer are frequently predated by dogs and foxes, allowed the assumption that <i>S. blastoceris</i> could have canids as definitive hosts.</p><p>Further studies should be conducted to properly identify naturally infected definitive hosts for <i>S. blastoceris</i> and its potential role on marsh deer health status.</p> |
| title | Sarcocystis blastoceris Berra, Gast, Mor, e, Helman, Argibay & Orozco, 2023, n. sp. |
| topic | Biodiversity Taxonomy Protozoa Microsporidia Microsporea Meiodihaplophasida Amblyosporidae Sarcocystis Sarcocystis blastoceris |
| url | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14590052 |