Design and Treatability Studies of Low-Cost Bio Filter In Water Treatment

Fuente: Zenodo

Enregistré dans:

Détails bibliographiques
Auteur principal:	Dr. Pranab Jyoti Barman*, Rhishikesh Gogoi, Muktar Ali, Wasim Zafar Islam
Format:	Recurso digital
Publié:	Zenodo 2025
Sujets:	bio-filter, microorganisms, chemical contaminants and physical contaminants
Accès en ligne:	Acceder al recurso
Tags:	Ajouter un tag Pas de tags, Soyez le premier à ajouter un tag!

_version_	1866902152867217408
author	Dr. Pranab Jyoti Barman*, Rhishikesh Gogoi, Muktar Ali, Wasim Zafar Islam
author_facet	Dr. Pranab Jyoti Barman*, Rhishikesh Gogoi, Muktar Ali, Wasim Zafar Islam
contents	<p><span>In India, the water shortage is one of the major issues coming from the rural areas area which necessitates water treatment options. To address these issues<span>  </span>in rural areas there is need for conceptualizing a treatment scheme to reduce cost. Water is a fundamental source to our existence. As cities expand and population grows, the demand for water is rising. With increase in population, there will be an increase in stress on sanitation and wastewater disposal system. The benefits of well-organized water management scheme is that it offers a tool for coping with water scarcity and reduces the amount of pollution which may enter in the hydrological cycle. Untreated water contains microorganisms, chemical contaminants and physical contaminants. Our study focuses on treatment of water using naturally available materials and to reduce pollutants in laboratory scale with the help of designed biofilters. In our study, we use<span>  </span>low cost biofilters which consists of a bed of random or modular media through effluent percolates, scrubber, sponges and bamboo charcoal. These are advantageous over the other bio-filter media as the surface will not clog up when used with a pre-filter which may happen as in the case of ceramic material with micropores. Sponges and scrubbers help removing floating matters (solid particles) present in water. The treated water can be used for domestic purposes such as washing of utensils and clothes, bathing, and flushing as well as agricultural purposes.</span></p>
format	Recurso digital
id	zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_14953235
institution	Zenodo
language
publishDate	2025
publisher	Zenodo
record_format	zenodo
spellingShingle	Design and Treatability Studies of Low-Cost Bio Filter In Water Treatment Dr. Pranab Jyoti Barman*, Rhishikesh Gogoi, Muktar Ali, Wasim Zafar Islam bio-filter, microorganisms, chemical contaminants and physical contaminants <p><span>In India, the water shortage is one of the major issues coming from the rural areas area which necessitates water treatment options. To address these issues<span>  </span>in rural areas there is need for conceptualizing a treatment scheme to reduce cost. Water is a fundamental source to our existence. As cities expand and population grows, the demand for water is rising. With increase in population, there will be an increase in stress on sanitation and wastewater disposal system. The benefits of well-organized water management scheme is that it offers a tool for coping with water scarcity and reduces the amount of pollution which may enter in the hydrological cycle. Untreated water contains microorganisms, chemical contaminants and physical contaminants. Our study focuses on treatment of water using naturally available materials and to reduce pollutants in laboratory scale with the help of designed biofilters. In our study, we use<span>  </span>low cost biofilters which consists of a bed of random or modular media through effluent percolates, scrubber, sponges and bamboo charcoal. These are advantageous over the other bio-filter media as the surface will not clog up when used with a pre-filter which may happen as in the case of ceramic material with micropores. Sponges and scrubbers help removing floating matters (solid particles) present in water. The treated water can be used for domestic purposes such as washing of utensils and clothes, bathing, and flushing as well as agricultural purposes.</span></p>
title	Design and Treatability Studies of Low-Cost Bio Filter In Water Treatment
topic	bio-filter, microorganisms, chemical contaminants and physical contaminants
url	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14953235

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

Environment & details:

GET Data empty

POST Data empty

Files empty

Key	Value
VUFIND_SESSION	"0320c8c4d0b1bc355dd29fe215afa361"
ui	"standard"
language	"fr"

Session

Key	Value
__Laminas	array:2 [`"_REQUEST_ACCESS_TIME" => 1790397348.7038 "_VALID" => array:1 [ "Laminas\Session\Validator\Id" => "0320c8c4d0b1bc355dd29fe215afa361" ]`]
SessionState	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#938}
FlashMessenger	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#1433}
SessionHelper	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#1762}

Server/Request Data

Key	Value
REDIRECT_VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	"/usr/local/vufind/local"
REDIRECT_HTTPS	"on"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI	"info.umar.mx"
REDIRECT_STATUS	"200"
VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	"/usr/local/vufind/local"
HTTPS	"on"
SSL_TLS_SNI	"info.umar.mx"
HTTP_ACCEPT	"/"
HTTP_USER_AGENT	"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
HTTP_COOKIE	"VUFIND_SESSION=0320c8c4d0b1bc355dd29fe215afa361; ui=standard; language=fr"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING	"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_HOST	"info.umar.mx"
PATH	"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/snap/bin"
SERVER_SIGNATURE	"<address>Apache/2.4.66 (Ubuntu) Server at info.umar.mx Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE	"Apache/2.4.66 (Ubuntu)"
SERVER_NAME	"info.umar.mx"
SERVER_ADDR	"200.23.222.19"
SERVER_PORT	"443"
REMOTE_ADDR	"216.73.216.147"
DOCUMENT_ROOT	"/usr/local/vufind/public"
REQUEST_SCHEME	"https"
CONTEXT_PREFIX	""
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT	"/usr/local/vufind/public"
SERVER_ADMIN	"admin@localhost"
SCRIPT_FILENAME	"/usr/local/vufind/public/index.php"
REMOTE_PORT	"61432"
REDIRECT_URL	"/Record/zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_14953235/Details"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE	"CGI/1.1"
SERVER_PROTOCOL	"HTTP/1.1"
REQUEST_METHOD	"GET"
QUERY_STRING	""
REQUEST_URI	"/Record/zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_14953235/Details"
SCRIPT_NAME	"/index.php"
PHP_SELF	"/index.php"
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT	1790397348.6948
REQUEST_TIME	1790397348

Environment Variables empty

Registered Handlers

0. Whoops\Handler\PrettyPageHandler

Environment & details:

GET Data empty

POST Data empty

Files empty

Key	Value
VUFIND_SESSION	"0320c8c4d0b1bc355dd29fe215afa361"
ui	"standard"
language	"fr"

Session

Key	Value
__Laminas	array:2 [`"_REQUEST_ACCESS_TIME" => 1790397348.7038 "_VALID" => array:1 [ "Laminas\Session\Validator\Id" => "0320c8c4d0b1bc355dd29fe215afa361" ]`]
SessionState	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#938}
FlashMessenger	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#1433}
SessionHelper	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject {#1762}

Server/Request Data

Key	Value
REDIRECT_VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	"/usr/local/vufind/local"
REDIRECT_HTTPS	"on"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI	"info.umar.mx"
REDIRECT_STATUS	"200"
VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	"/usr/local/vufind/local"
HTTPS	"on"
SSL_TLS_SNI	"info.umar.mx"
HTTP_ACCEPT	"/"
HTTP_USER_AGENT	"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
HTTP_COOKIE	"VUFIND_SESSION=0320c8c4d0b1bc355dd29fe215afa361; ui=standard; language=fr"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING	"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_HOST	"info.umar.mx"
PATH	"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/snap/bin"
SERVER_SIGNATURE	"<address>Apache/2.4.66 (Ubuntu) Server at info.umar.mx Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE	"Apache/2.4.66 (Ubuntu)"
SERVER_NAME	"info.umar.mx"
SERVER_ADDR	"200.23.222.19"
SERVER_PORT	"443"
REMOTE_ADDR	"216.73.216.147"
DOCUMENT_ROOT	"/usr/local/vufind/public"
REQUEST_SCHEME	"https"
CONTEXT_PREFIX	""
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT	"/usr/local/vufind/public"
SERVER_ADMIN	"admin@localhost"
SCRIPT_FILENAME	"/usr/local/vufind/public/index.php"
REMOTE_PORT	"61432"
REDIRECT_URL	"/Record/zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_14953235/Details"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE	"CGI/1.1"
SERVER_PROTOCOL	"HTTP/1.1"
REQUEST_METHOD	"GET"
QUERY_STRING	""
REQUEST_URI	"/Record/zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_14953235/Details"
SCRIPT_NAME	"/index.php"
PHP_SELF	"/index.php"
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT	1790397348.6948
REQUEST_TIME	1790397348

Environment Variables empty

Registered Handlers

0. Whoops\Handler\PrettyPageHandler

Documents similaires

Environment & details:

Environment & details: