| _version_ | 1866901626766229504 |
|---|---|
| author | Kresslein, Robert L. Polaszek, Andrew Burks, Roger A. Mottern, Jason L. Lahey, Zachary Heraty, John M. |
| author_facet | Kresslein, Robert L. Polaszek, Andrew Burks, Roger A. Mottern, Jason L. Lahey, Zachary Heraty, John M. |
| contents | <p><b><i>Euxanthellus</i> Silvestri stat. rev.</b></p><p><b>(Figure 4)</b></p><p><i>Euxanthellus</i> Silvestri, 1915: 320 [in Silvestri 1915a]. Type species: <i>Euxanthellus philippiae</i> Silvestri, 1915 by original monotypy in Silvestri 1915a [examined].</p><p><i>Diagnosis</i></p><p><i>Female.</i> Antenna 9-segmented; funicle 4-segmented with Fu1 subquadrate, closely associated with Fu2 (Figure 4B). Mesosoma with axilla (ax) with 5–11 setae; mesoscutellum with scutellar sensilla separated by 1–2× their diameter; metanotum with dorsellum (dor) diamond shaped (Figure 4C). Mesofurcal-mesopostnotal complex (f2b) with mesofurcal bridge complete and mesofurca shaped like ram’s horns (Figure 4C). Fore wing with stigmal vein constricted, extending into wing disc; postmarginal vein present, as long as stigmal vein (Figure 4D).</p><p><i>Male.</i> Antenna as in species of the <i>Coccophagus malthusi</i> species group (Hayat 1998, figs 309, 314, 317). Axilla with 3–5 setae. Otherwise as in female.</p><p><i>Material examined</i></p><p><b>Holotype: ERITREA</b>: Nefasit. ex. <i>Philippia chrysophyllae</i> Silvestri, 1915 [= <i>Stotzia chrysophyllae</i> (Silvestri, 1915)] [1♀, UNP]. <b>Non-type material: SOUTH AFRICA</b>: Claremont, 4. xi.1919, Rust, E.W., No. H, ex. <i>Saissetia oleae</i> (Oliver) on <i>Sparmannia</i> Buc’hoz. [= <i>Rehmannia</i> Libosch. ex Fisch. and C.A. Mey] [1♂, UCRC: UCRCENT13050]; Capetown, 17.xi.1919, Rust, E.W., ex. <i>Saissetia oleae</i> (Oliver) on oleander [1♀, UCRC: UCRCENT13023]; Cape town, 4. vi.1924, Rust, E.W., No. 43 [1♀, UCRC: UCRCENT13031]; Rosebank, 9.iii.1925, Rust, E.W., ex. <i>Saissetia hemisphaerica</i> [= <i>Saissetia coffeae</i> (Walker)] [1♂, UCRC: UCRCENT13017]; Camp’s Bay, 16.vii.1925, Rust, E.W., ex. <i>Saissetia perseae</i> Brian [= <i>Parasaissetia nigra</i> (Nietner)] [1♂, UCRC: UCRCENT14196]; Pretoria, iv.1954, Bedford, E.C.G., ACDL 414, ex. <i>Ceroplastes helichrysi</i> var. <i>sinoiae</i> Hall [= <i>Ceroplaster sinoiae</i> Hall] on <i>Jacaranda</i> Juss [6♀, UCRC: UCRCENT412694, UCRCENT498424]l West Cape, Wellington, 18.v.1959, Whitehead, V.B., S&R 1898–3, ex. <i>Saissetia oleae</i> (Oliver) on apricot [3♂, UCRC: UCRCENT19832, UCRCENT19834, UCRCENT19835]; West Cape, Wellington, 29.v.1959, Whitehead, V.B., S&R 1900, ex. <i>Saissetia oleae</i> (Oliver) on apricot [2♀, UCRC: UCRCENT19870, UCRCENT19871].</p><p><i>Comments</i></p><p><i>Euxanthellus</i> <b>stat. rev.</b> was described for species that resemble <i>Coccophagus</i> but possess a 9-segmented antenna (Figure 4B) (Silvestri 1915a). The genus was synonymised with <i>Coccophagus</i> by Hayat (1994) due to insufficient diagnostic characteristics to distinguish the genera. Heraty <i>et al</i>. (1997) explored the morphology of the mesofurcal-mesopostnotal complex in Aphelinidae and recognised that, in contrast to all other <i>Coccophagus</i>, species historically placed in <i>Euxanthellus</i> possessed a complete mesofurcal bridge and a ‘rams-horn shaped mesofurca’ (p. 62) (Figure 4C). The authors proposed that <i>Euxanthellus</i> should be treated as its own tribe and as the sister clade to Coccophagini + Pteroptricini. Hayat (1998) agreed that <i>Euxanthellus</i> should be treated as a valid genus in its own tribe.</p><p>While Euxanthellini and <i>Euxanthellus</i> have been recognised twice as valid, the taxa have not been formally treated. As a result, the species of <i>Euxanthellus</i> have frequently been called by the incorrect name in publications and public databases for the last quarter century (Kondo 2006; Vikberg and Koponen 2008; Lotfalizadeh 2014; Rakimov <i>et al</i>. 2015; Phuong 2018; Noyes 2019). In conjunction with previous studies and contemporary phylogenomic analyses (Kresslein 2024), we formally recognise <i>Euxanthellus</i> with four species therein (<i>Euxanthellus philippiae</i> Silvestri, 1915 <b>stat. rev.</b>, <i>Euxanthellus subochraceus</i> (Howard), 1907 <b>stat. rev.</b>, <i>Euxanthellus adustus</i> Annecke and Prinsloo, 1976 <b>stat. rev.</b> and <i>Euxanthellus desantisi</i> Fidaglo, 1981 <b>stat. rev.</b>), and formally establish the tribe Euxanthellini.</p><p>The general habitus of <i>Euxanthellus</i> is superficially similar to species of the <i>Coccophagus malthusi</i> species group (Hayat 1993) and it keys to members of the <i>malthusi</i> group in several keys to species of <i>Coccophagus</i> (Hayat 1993, 1998; Xu and Huang 2004; Myartseva 2006). Additionally, Compere (1931) excluded species of <i>Euxanthellus</i> from his key to Afrotropical <i>Coccophagus. Euxanthellus</i> can be easily distinguished with the diagnostic charateristics presented above. <i>Euxanthellus desantisi</i> is readily diagnosable from the remaining species in <i>Euxanthellus</i> by the head shape, mesoscutellar setation, relative proportions of Fu1, and absence of the diamond-shaped dorsellum (Fidalgo 1981, figs 1–4). Additionally, <i>Euxanthellus desantisi</i> is the only known species of <i>Euxanthellus</i> known from outside the Afrotropics. We have tentatively placed <i>Euxanthellus desantisi</i> with the remaining <i>Euxanthellus</i> to aid with diagnosis, but ultimately molecular data will be necessary to determine the appropriate placement of this species.</p> |
| format | Recurso digital |
| id | zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_14982178 |
| institution | Zenodo |
| language | |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Zenodo |
| record_format | zenodo |
| spellingShingle | Euxanthellus Silvestri 2025, stat. rev. Kresslein, Robert L. Polaszek, Andrew Burks, Roger A. Mottern, Jason L. Lahey, Zachary Heraty, John M. Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Euxanthellus <p><b><i>Euxanthellus</i> Silvestri stat. rev.</b></p><p><b>(Figure 4)</b></p><p><i>Euxanthellus</i> Silvestri, 1915: 320 [in Silvestri 1915a]. Type species: <i>Euxanthellus philippiae</i> Silvestri, 1915 by original monotypy in Silvestri 1915a [examined].</p><p><i>Diagnosis</i></p><p><i>Female.</i> Antenna 9-segmented; funicle 4-segmented with Fu1 subquadrate, closely associated with Fu2 (Figure 4B). Mesosoma with axilla (ax) with 5–11 setae; mesoscutellum with scutellar sensilla separated by 1–2× their diameter; metanotum with dorsellum (dor) diamond shaped (Figure 4C). Mesofurcal-mesopostnotal complex (f2b) with mesofurcal bridge complete and mesofurca shaped like ram’s horns (Figure 4C). Fore wing with stigmal vein constricted, extending into wing disc; postmarginal vein present, as long as stigmal vein (Figure 4D).</p><p><i>Male.</i> Antenna as in species of the <i>Coccophagus malthusi</i> species group (Hayat 1998, figs 309, 314, 317). Axilla with 3–5 setae. Otherwise as in female.</p><p><i>Material examined</i></p><p><b>Holotype: ERITREA</b>: Nefasit. ex. <i>Philippia chrysophyllae</i> Silvestri, 1915 [= <i>Stotzia chrysophyllae</i> (Silvestri, 1915)] [1♀, UNP]. <b>Non-type material: SOUTH AFRICA</b>: Claremont, 4. xi.1919, Rust, E.W., No. H, ex. <i>Saissetia oleae</i> (Oliver) on <i>Sparmannia</i> Buc’hoz. [= <i>Rehmannia</i> Libosch. ex Fisch. and C.A. Mey] [1♂, UCRC: UCRCENT13050]; Capetown, 17.xi.1919, Rust, E.W., ex. <i>Saissetia oleae</i> (Oliver) on oleander [1♀, UCRC: UCRCENT13023]; Cape town, 4. vi.1924, Rust, E.W., No. 43 [1♀, UCRC: UCRCENT13031]; Rosebank, 9.iii.1925, Rust, E.W., ex. <i>Saissetia hemisphaerica</i> [= <i>Saissetia coffeae</i> (Walker)] [1♂, UCRC: UCRCENT13017]; Camp’s Bay, 16.vii.1925, Rust, E.W., ex. <i>Saissetia perseae</i> Brian [= <i>Parasaissetia nigra</i> (Nietner)] [1♂, UCRC: UCRCENT14196]; Pretoria, iv.1954, Bedford, E.C.G., ACDL 414, ex. <i>Ceroplastes helichrysi</i> var. <i>sinoiae</i> Hall [= <i>Ceroplaster sinoiae</i> Hall] on <i>Jacaranda</i> Juss [6♀, UCRC: UCRCENT412694, UCRCENT498424]l West Cape, Wellington, 18.v.1959, Whitehead, V.B., S&R 1898–3, ex. <i>Saissetia oleae</i> (Oliver) on apricot [3♂, UCRC: UCRCENT19832, UCRCENT19834, UCRCENT19835]; West Cape, Wellington, 29.v.1959, Whitehead, V.B., S&R 1900, ex. <i>Saissetia oleae</i> (Oliver) on apricot [2♀, UCRC: UCRCENT19870, UCRCENT19871].</p><p><i>Comments</i></p><p><i>Euxanthellus</i> <b>stat. rev.</b> was described for species that resemble <i>Coccophagus</i> but possess a 9-segmented antenna (Figure 4B) (Silvestri 1915a). The genus was synonymised with <i>Coccophagus</i> by Hayat (1994) due to insufficient diagnostic characteristics to distinguish the genera. Heraty <i>et al</i>. (1997) explored the morphology of the mesofurcal-mesopostnotal complex in Aphelinidae and recognised that, in contrast to all other <i>Coccophagus</i>, species historically placed in <i>Euxanthellus</i> possessed a complete mesofurcal bridge and a ‘rams-horn shaped mesofurca’ (p. 62) (Figure 4C). The authors proposed that <i>Euxanthellus</i> should be treated as its own tribe and as the sister clade to Coccophagini + Pteroptricini. Hayat (1998) agreed that <i>Euxanthellus</i> should be treated as a valid genus in its own tribe.</p><p>While Euxanthellini and <i>Euxanthellus</i> have been recognised twice as valid, the taxa have not been formally treated. As a result, the species of <i>Euxanthellus</i> have frequently been called by the incorrect name in publications and public databases for the last quarter century (Kondo 2006; Vikberg and Koponen 2008; Lotfalizadeh 2014; Rakimov <i>et al</i>. 2015; Phuong 2018; Noyes 2019). In conjunction with previous studies and contemporary phylogenomic analyses (Kresslein 2024), we formally recognise <i>Euxanthellus</i> with four species therein (<i>Euxanthellus philippiae</i> Silvestri, 1915 <b>stat. rev.</b>, <i>Euxanthellus subochraceus</i> (Howard), 1907 <b>stat. rev.</b>, <i>Euxanthellus adustus</i> Annecke and Prinsloo, 1976 <b>stat. rev.</b> and <i>Euxanthellus desantisi</i> Fidaglo, 1981 <b>stat. rev.</b>), and formally establish the tribe Euxanthellini.</p><p>The general habitus of <i>Euxanthellus</i> is superficially similar to species of the <i>Coccophagus malthusi</i> species group (Hayat 1993) and it keys to members of the <i>malthusi</i> group in several keys to species of <i>Coccophagus</i> (Hayat 1993, 1998; Xu and Huang 2004; Myartseva 2006). Additionally, Compere (1931) excluded species of <i>Euxanthellus</i> from his key to Afrotropical <i>Coccophagus. Euxanthellus</i> can be easily distinguished with the diagnostic charateristics presented above. <i>Euxanthellus desantisi</i> is readily diagnosable from the remaining species in <i>Euxanthellus</i> by the head shape, mesoscutellar setation, relative proportions of Fu1, and absence of the diamond-shaped dorsellum (Fidalgo 1981, figs 1–4). Additionally, <i>Euxanthellus desantisi</i> is the only known species of <i>Euxanthellus</i> known from outside the Afrotropics. We have tentatively placed <i>Euxanthellus desantisi</i> with the remaining <i>Euxanthellus</i> to aid with diagnosis, but ultimately molecular data will be necessary to determine the appropriate placement of this species.</p> |
| title | Euxanthellus Silvestri 2025, stat. rev. |
| topic | Biodiversity Taxonomy Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Euxanthellus |
| url | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14982178 |