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Autori principali: Miuhammad Ardiansyah Akbar, Caroline, Dani Setiawan, Nabilah Septya Herlina, Reza Rabbani
Natura: Recurso digital
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Pubblicazione: Zenodo 2025
Accesso online:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15632086
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author Miuhammad Ardiansyah Akbar
Caroline
Dani Setiawan
Nabilah Septya Herlina
Reza Rabbani
author_facet Miuhammad Ardiansyah Akbar
Caroline
Dani Setiawan
Nabilah Septya Herlina
Reza Rabbani
contents <h3><strong>"Toilet Access Helps Build Gender Equality in Public Facilities"</strong><br>Nusa Mandiri University</h3> <h4><strong>Authors</strong></h4> <ul> <li>Muhammad Ardiansyah Akbar</li> <li>Caroline</li> <li>Dani Setiawan</li> <li>Nabilah Septya Herlina</li> <li>Reza Rabbani</li> </ul> <h4><strong>Abstract</strong></h4> <p>Fulfilling the right to access public facilities adequately is one of the efforts to achieve gender equality. Regulations regarding disability-friendly toilets and gender-neutral toilets exist, but their implementation remains uneven across educational institutions. This study aims to analyze the impact of toilet facilities on students' perceptions of gender equality at Nusa Mandiri University. Using a mixed-method approach (quantitative and qualitative), data were collected through online questionnaires, field observations, and short interviews. The results showed that while toilets are available, there are still shortcomings in accessibility for people with disabilities and the absence of gender-neutral toilets. These issues affect most students, particularly those from minority groups, influencing their perceptions of equality, comfort, and safety within the campus. Recommendations include improving restroom infrastructure, educating staff and students, and establishing appropriate monitoring and evaluation mechanisms by the university.</p> <h4><strong>Keywords</strong></h4> <ul> <li>Restroom access</li> <li>Gender equality</li> <li>Public facilities</li> <li>University</li> <li>Case study</li> </ul> <h3><strong>Introduction</strong></h3> <p>Access to public facilities is a critical aspect of achieving gender equality and social justice. Toilets, as essential public facilities, play a significant role in supporting daily activities and ensuring inclusivity. However, disparities in toilet availability and accessibility remain prevalent, particularly for women and individuals with disabilities. In Indonesia, regulations such as Law No. 8 of 2016 on Persons with Disabilities mandate inclusive facilities, yet implementation varies across educational institutions. This study focuses on Nusa Mandiri University, where the adequacy of toilet facilities for all student groups is examined.</p> <h4><strong>Research Questions</strong></h4> <ol> <li>Is the toilet facility at Nusa Mandiri University adequate for all student groups?</li> <li>What are students' perceptions of toilet access on campus?</li> <li>How can adequate toilet access support gender equality in the campus environment?</li> </ol> <h3><strong>Methodology</strong></h3> <p>The study employed a <strong>mixed-methods approach </strong>, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Quantitative Methods </strong>: An online questionnaire was distributed to 22 students, covering topics such as frequency of toilet use, challenges faced, and perceptions of gender equality.</li> <li><strong>Qualitative Methods </strong>: Field observations were conducted to assess the physical condition and accessibility of toilets, focusing on disabilitas pria and wanita (disability-friendly toilets for men and women). Short interviews with selected respondents provided deeper insights into their experiences.</li> </ul> <h4><strong>Participants</strong></h4> <ul> <li><strong>Demographics </strong>: <ul> <li>Program Studi: Primarily Psychology (81.8%), with smaller proportions from Informatics, Data Science, Information Systems, and Business Digital.</li> <li>Age: Majority aged 18–25 years (86.4%).</li> <li>Gender: 61.9% male, 38.1% female.</li> <li>Semester: Most respondents were in Semester 2 (95.5%).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4><strong>Data Collection Tools</strong></h4> <ol> <li><strong>Online Questionnaire </strong>: Covered topics such as: <ul> <li>Frequency of toilet use.</li> <li>Challenges experienced when using toilets.</li> <li>Perceptions of fairness in toilet allocation.</li> <li>Awareness of disability-friendly and gender-neutral toilets.</li> <li>Importance of inclusive toilet access for gender equality.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Field Observations </strong>: Evaluated: <ul> <li>Physical condition of toilets (e.g., cleanliness, lighting, grab bars).</li> <li>Accessibility features (e.g., wide doors, handrails).</li> <li>Availability of basic amenities (e.g., soap, tissue).</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Short Interviews </strong>: Conducted with 7 respondents to gather detailed perspectives on their experiences and suggestions for improvement.</li> </ol> <h3><strong>Results and Discussion</strong></h3> <h4><strong>1. Overview of the Study Location</strong></h4> <p>The study was conducted at Nusa Mandiri University, located in an urban area with a diverse student population. The university provides various toilet facilities, including general toilets for men and women and one disability-friendly toilet designed to accommodate individuals with disabilities. The focus was on the men's and women's disability-friendly toilets.</p> <h4><strong>2. Observation Findings</strong></h4> <h5><strong>a. Men's Disability-Friendly Toilet</strong></h5> <ul> <li><strong>Door </strong>: Labeled "TOILET DISABILITAS" with an international disability symbol. However, the door uses a manual push mechanism, which may pose difficulties for wheelchair users.</li> <li><strong>Grab Bars </strong>: Grab bars are present near the sink and around the toilet, providing support for individuals with special needs.</li> <li><strong>Sink </strong>: The sink is at a low height, making it accessible for wheelchair users. Liquid soap is available, but floor cleanliness requires improvement.</li> <li><strong>Toilet </strong>: Inside the men's restroom, two urinals are present without specific accommodations for disabilities. The disability-friendly toilet has grab bars on both sides, aiding users with special needs. While the floor appears clean, minor damage or wear is noticeable.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Challenges Identified </strong>:</p> <ul> <li>Manual door mechanism is not user-friendly for individuals with mobility impairments.</li> <li>Lack of additional features like bidet sprayers or lower toilets reduces comfort for disabled users.</li> <li>Single toilet for disabilities across the entire campus limits accessibility.</li> </ul> <h5><strong>b. Women's Disability-Friendly Toilet</strong></h5> <ul> <li><strong>Door </strong>: Similar to the men's toilet, labeled "TOILET DISABILITAS" with an international disability symbol and a manual push mechanism.</li> <li><strong>Grab Bars </strong>: Present near the sink and around the toilet, offering support for individuals with disabilities.</li> <li><strong>Sink </strong>: At a low height for wheelchair accessibility, with liquid soap available. Floor cleanliness could be improved.</li> <li><strong>Toilet </strong>: Inside the women's restroom, the disability-friendly toilet has grab bars on both sides, aiding users with special needs. Minor damage or wear is visible on the floor.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Challenges Identified </strong>:</p> <ul> <li>Manual door mechanism poses barriers for wheelchair users.</li> <li>Lack of additional features like bidet sprayers or lower toilets reduces comfort for disabled users.</li> </ul> <h4><strong>3. Analysis of Questionnaire Results</strong></h4> <h5><strong>a. Satisfaction with Toilet Facilities</strong></h5> <ul> <li><strong>Basic Amenities </strong>: Most respondents (54.5%) were satisfied with water availability at sinks, but some reported issues such as missing soap (4.5%) and tissue (4.5%). Concerns about security and privacy were also noted (9.1%).</li> <li><strong>Disability-Friendly Toilets </strong>: Respondents acknowledged the presence of disability-friendly toilets but highlighted shortcomings in accessibility and maintenance.</li> <li><strong>Gender Disparity </strong>: Some respondents (4.5%) reported longer queues in women's toilets compared to men's toilets, indicating imbalance in toilet allocation.</li> </ul> <h5><strong>b. Perception of Fair Toilet Access</strong></h5> <ul> <li><strong>Importance of Inclusive Toilets </strong>: On a scale of 1–5, respondents rated the importance of fair toilet access for gender equality: <ul> <li><strong>Score 5 </strong>: 54.5%</li> <li><strong>Score 4 </strong>: 22.7%</li> <li><strong>Score 3 </strong>: 18.2%</li> <li><strong>Score 2 </strong>: 4.5%</li> <li><strong>Score 1 </strong>: 0%</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>This indicates strong support for inclusive and equitable toilet facilities among students.</p> <h5><strong>c. Barriers Experienced</strong></h5> <ul> <li><strong>Poor Cleanliness </strong>: Reported by 13.6% of respondents.</li> <li><strong>Lack of Soap and Tissue </strong>: Reported by 4.5% of respondents.</li> <li><strong>Long Queues in Women's Toilets </strong>: Reported by 4.5% of respondents.</li> </ul> <h4><strong>4. Short Interviews</strong></h4> <p>Interviews with three respondents provided deeper insights:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Farros Althaf </strong>: Emphasized the need for holistic approaches to ensure toilets are safe, comfortable, and supportive of gender equality. He stressed the importance of adequate lighting, security systems, and regular cleaning.</li> <li><strong>Marvel Bintang Maulana </strong>: Acknowledged that toilet facilities at Nusa Mandiri University are generally good and usable by all groups comfortably.</li> <li><strong>Muhammad Azmi </strong>: Suggested that the university should provide gender-neutral toilets and ensure they are disability-friendly. He recommended involving students in planning and conducting surveys to gather direct feedback.</li> </ol> <h4><strong>5. Integration of Findings</strong></h4> <ul> <li><strong>Gender Equality Not Fully Achieved </strong>: Long queues in women's toilets highlight disparities in toilet allocation, affecting academic productivity. Over 25% of female respondents reported being late for classes due to long wait times.</li> <li><strong>Limited Facilities for Disabilities </strong>: Only one disability-friendly toilet per gender exists, and its quality is insufficient (e.g., loose grab bars, narrow doors, lack of emergency alarms).</li> <li><strong>Recommendations </strong>: <ul> <li>Improve accessibility by adding features like wider doors, grab bars, and adequate lighting.</li> <li>Enhance cleanliness and maintain consistent hygiene standards.</li> <li>Involve students in planning and conduct awareness campaigns to promote inclusivity.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3><strong>Conclusion</strong></h3> <p>This study evaluated the extent to which toilet facilities at Nusa Mandiri University reflect principles of gender equality. While most students find the facilities satisfactory, significant gaps remain in terms of accessibility, particularly for individuals with disabilities and those requiring gender-neutral toilets. These deficiencies impact comfort, safety, and participation in campus activities. Therefore, improvements in policy, infrastructure, and awareness are necessary to create truly inclusive and equitable public facilities.</p> <h3><strong>Recommendations</strong></h3> <ol> <li><strong>Improve Accessibility </strong>: Ensure toilets are fully equipped with features like grab bars, wide doors, and emergency alarms.</li> <li><strong>Enhance Hygiene </strong>: Maintain consistent cleanliness and regularly stock supplies like soap and tissue.</li> <li><strong>Promote Inclusivity </strong>: Involve students in planning and conduct awareness campaigns to reduce stigma and discrimination.</li> </ol> <h3><strong>References</strong></h3> <p><span lang="id">[1]      </span>Baloch, A., Noor, Z. M., Habibullah, M. S., & Bani, Y. (2017). 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spellingShingle Toilet Access Helps Build Gender Equality in Public Facilities Nusa Mandiri University
Miuhammad Ardiansyah Akbar
Caroline
Dani Setiawan
Nabilah Septya Herlina
Reza Rabbani
<h3><strong>"Toilet Access Helps Build Gender Equality in Public Facilities"</strong><br>Nusa Mandiri University</h3> <h4><strong>Authors</strong></h4> <ul> <li>Muhammad Ardiansyah Akbar</li> <li>Caroline</li> <li>Dani Setiawan</li> <li>Nabilah Septya Herlina</li> <li>Reza Rabbani</li> </ul> <h4><strong>Abstract</strong></h4> <p>Fulfilling the right to access public facilities adequately is one of the efforts to achieve gender equality. Regulations regarding disability-friendly toilets and gender-neutral toilets exist, but their implementation remains uneven across educational institutions. This study aims to analyze the impact of toilet facilities on students' perceptions of gender equality at Nusa Mandiri University. Using a mixed-method approach (quantitative and qualitative), data were collected through online questionnaires, field observations, and short interviews. The results showed that while toilets are available, there are still shortcomings in accessibility for people with disabilities and the absence of gender-neutral toilets. These issues affect most students, particularly those from minority groups, influencing their perceptions of equality, comfort, and safety within the campus. Recommendations include improving restroom infrastructure, educating staff and students, and establishing appropriate monitoring and evaluation mechanisms by the university.</p> <h4><strong>Keywords</strong></h4> <ul> <li>Restroom access</li> <li>Gender equality</li> <li>Public facilities</li> <li>University</li> <li>Case study</li> </ul> <h3><strong>Introduction</strong></h3> <p>Access to public facilities is a critical aspect of achieving gender equality and social justice. Toilets, as essential public facilities, play a significant role in supporting daily activities and ensuring inclusivity. However, disparities in toilet availability and accessibility remain prevalent, particularly for women and individuals with disabilities. In Indonesia, regulations such as Law No. 8 of 2016 on Persons with Disabilities mandate inclusive facilities, yet implementation varies across educational institutions. This study focuses on Nusa Mandiri University, where the adequacy of toilet facilities for all student groups is examined.</p> <h4><strong>Research Questions</strong></h4> <ol> <li>Is the toilet facility at Nusa Mandiri University adequate for all student groups?</li> <li>What are students' perceptions of toilet access on campus?</li> <li>How can adequate toilet access support gender equality in the campus environment?</li> </ol> <h3><strong>Methodology</strong></h3> <p>The study employed a <strong>mixed-methods approach </strong>, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Quantitative Methods </strong>: An online questionnaire was distributed to 22 students, covering topics such as frequency of toilet use, challenges faced, and perceptions of gender equality.</li> <li><strong>Qualitative Methods </strong>: Field observations were conducted to assess the physical condition and accessibility of toilets, focusing on disabilitas pria and wanita (disability-friendly toilets for men and women). Short interviews with selected respondents provided deeper insights into their experiences.</li> </ul> <h4><strong>Participants</strong></h4> <ul> <li><strong>Demographics </strong>: <ul> <li>Program Studi: Primarily Psychology (81.8%), with smaller proportions from Informatics, Data Science, Information Systems, and Business Digital.</li> <li>Age: Majority aged 18–25 years (86.4%).</li> <li>Gender: 61.9% male, 38.1% female.</li> <li>Semester: Most respondents were in Semester 2 (95.5%).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4><strong>Data Collection Tools</strong></h4> <ol> <li><strong>Online Questionnaire </strong>: Covered topics such as: <ul> <li>Frequency of toilet use.</li> <li>Challenges experienced when using toilets.</li> <li>Perceptions of fairness in toilet allocation.</li> <li>Awareness of disability-friendly and gender-neutral toilets.</li> <li>Importance of inclusive toilet access for gender equality.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Field Observations </strong>: Evaluated: <ul> <li>Physical condition of toilets (e.g., cleanliness, lighting, grab bars).</li> <li>Accessibility features (e.g., wide doors, handrails).</li> <li>Availability of basic amenities (e.g., soap, tissue).</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Short Interviews </strong>: Conducted with 7 respondents to gather detailed perspectives on their experiences and suggestions for improvement.</li> </ol> <h3><strong>Results and Discussion</strong></h3> <h4><strong>1. Overview of the Study Location</strong></h4> <p>The study was conducted at Nusa Mandiri University, located in an urban area with a diverse student population. The university provides various toilet facilities, including general toilets for men and women and one disability-friendly toilet designed to accommodate individuals with disabilities. The focus was on the men's and women's disability-friendly toilets.</p> <h4><strong>2. Observation Findings</strong></h4> <h5><strong>a. Men's Disability-Friendly Toilet</strong></h5> <ul> <li><strong>Door </strong>: Labeled "TOILET DISABILITAS" with an international disability symbol. However, the door uses a manual push mechanism, which may pose difficulties for wheelchair users.</li> <li><strong>Grab Bars </strong>: Grab bars are present near the sink and around the toilet, providing support for individuals with special needs.</li> <li><strong>Sink </strong>: The sink is at a low height, making it accessible for wheelchair users. Liquid soap is available, but floor cleanliness requires improvement.</li> <li><strong>Toilet </strong>: Inside the men's restroom, two urinals are present without specific accommodations for disabilities. The disability-friendly toilet has grab bars on both sides, aiding users with special needs. While the floor appears clean, minor damage or wear is noticeable.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Challenges Identified </strong>:</p> <ul> <li>Manual door mechanism is not user-friendly for individuals with mobility impairments.</li> <li>Lack of additional features like bidet sprayers or lower toilets reduces comfort for disabled users.</li> <li>Single toilet for disabilities across the entire campus limits accessibility.</li> </ul> <h5><strong>b. Women's Disability-Friendly Toilet</strong></h5> <ul> <li><strong>Door </strong>: Similar to the men's toilet, labeled "TOILET DISABILITAS" with an international disability symbol and a manual push mechanism.</li> <li><strong>Grab Bars </strong>: Present near the sink and around the toilet, offering support for individuals with disabilities.</li> <li><strong>Sink </strong>: At a low height for wheelchair accessibility, with liquid soap available. Floor cleanliness could be improved.</li> <li><strong>Toilet </strong>: Inside the women's restroom, the disability-friendly toilet has grab bars on both sides, aiding users with special needs. Minor damage or wear is visible on the floor.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Challenges Identified </strong>:</p> <ul> <li>Manual door mechanism poses barriers for wheelchair users.</li> <li>Lack of additional features like bidet sprayers or lower toilets reduces comfort for disabled users.</li> </ul> <h4><strong>3. Analysis of Questionnaire Results</strong></h4> <h5><strong>a. Satisfaction with Toilet Facilities</strong></h5> <ul> <li><strong>Basic Amenities </strong>: Most respondents (54.5%) were satisfied with water availability at sinks, but some reported issues such as missing soap (4.5%) and tissue (4.5%). Concerns about security and privacy were also noted (9.1%).</li> <li><strong>Disability-Friendly Toilets </strong>: Respondents acknowledged the presence of disability-friendly toilets but highlighted shortcomings in accessibility and maintenance.</li> <li><strong>Gender Disparity </strong>: Some respondents (4.5%) reported longer queues in women's toilets compared to men's toilets, indicating imbalance in toilet allocation.</li> </ul> <h5><strong>b. Perception of Fair Toilet Access</strong></h5> <ul> <li><strong>Importance of Inclusive Toilets </strong>: On a scale of 1–5, respondents rated the importance of fair toilet access for gender equality: <ul> <li><strong>Score 5 </strong>: 54.5%</li> <li><strong>Score 4 </strong>: 22.7%</li> <li><strong>Score 3 </strong>: 18.2%</li> <li><strong>Score 2 </strong>: 4.5%</li> <li><strong>Score 1 </strong>: 0%</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>This indicates strong support for inclusive and equitable toilet facilities among students.</p> <h5><strong>c. Barriers Experienced</strong></h5> <ul> <li><strong>Poor Cleanliness </strong>: Reported by 13.6% of respondents.</li> <li><strong>Lack of Soap and Tissue </strong>: Reported by 4.5% of respondents.</li> <li><strong>Long Queues in Women's Toilets </strong>: Reported by 4.5% of respondents.</li> </ul> <h4><strong>4. Short Interviews</strong></h4> <p>Interviews with three respondents provided deeper insights:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Farros Althaf </strong>: Emphasized the need for holistic approaches to ensure toilets are safe, comfortable, and supportive of gender equality. He stressed the importance of adequate lighting, security systems, and regular cleaning.</li> <li><strong>Marvel Bintang Maulana </strong>: Acknowledged that toilet facilities at Nusa Mandiri University are generally good and usable by all groups comfortably.</li> <li><strong>Muhammad Azmi </strong>: Suggested that the university should provide gender-neutral toilets and ensure they are disability-friendly. He recommended involving students in planning and conducting surveys to gather direct feedback.</li> </ol> <h4><strong>5. Integration of Findings</strong></h4> <ul> <li><strong>Gender Equality Not Fully Achieved </strong>: Long queues in women's toilets highlight disparities in toilet allocation, affecting academic productivity. Over 25% of female respondents reported being late for classes due to long wait times.</li> <li><strong>Limited Facilities for Disabilities </strong>: Only one disability-friendly toilet per gender exists, and its quality is insufficient (e.g., loose grab bars, narrow doors, lack of emergency alarms).</li> <li><strong>Recommendations </strong>: <ul> <li>Improve accessibility by adding features like wider doors, grab bars, and adequate lighting.</li> <li>Enhance cleanliness and maintain consistent hygiene standards.</li> <li>Involve students in planning and conduct awareness campaigns to promote inclusivity.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3><strong>Conclusion</strong></h3> <p>This study evaluated the extent to which toilet facilities at Nusa Mandiri University reflect principles of gender equality. While most students find the facilities satisfactory, significant gaps remain in terms of accessibility, particularly for individuals with disabilities and those requiring gender-neutral toilets. These deficiencies impact comfort, safety, and participation in campus activities. Therefore, improvements in policy, infrastructure, and awareness are necessary to create truly inclusive and equitable public facilities.</p> <h3><strong>Recommendations</strong></h3> <ol> <li><strong>Improve Accessibility </strong>: Ensure toilets are fully equipped with features like grab bars, wide doors, and emergency alarms.</li> <li><strong>Enhance Hygiene </strong>: Maintain consistent cleanliness and regularly stock supplies like soap and tissue.</li> <li><strong>Promote Inclusivity </strong>: Involve students in planning and conduct awareness campaigns to reduce stigma and discrimination.</li> </ol> <h3><strong>References</strong></h3> <p><span lang="id">[1]      </span>Baloch, A., Noor, Z. M., Habibullah, M. S., & Bani, Y. (2017). 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href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">is</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">-</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">affecting</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">education/1843788</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">-</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">4092328</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">-</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">12gwywj/index.htm</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">l</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">12gwyw</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">j</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">/</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">index.html</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html">.</a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html"> </a><a href="https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-unemployment-is-affecting-education/1843788-4092328-12gwywj/index.html"> </a></p> <p><span lang="id">[12]   </span>Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2011). <em>Economic Development (Edisi Kesebelas)</em>. Erlangga.</p> <div> </div>
title Toilet Access Helps Build Gender Equality in Public Facilities Nusa Mandiri University
url https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15632086

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