Madagascar 1984–2024: Forty Years of IMF/World Bank Policies and the Trajectory of the Water–Sanitation–Hygiene (WASH) Sector
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| Natura: | Recurso digital |
| Lingua: | francese |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866901894339756032 |
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| author | RASOANAIVO, Zo Rivomanana |
| author_facet | RASOANAIVO, Zo Rivomanana |
| contents | <p>This strategic note is grounded in long-term hydrological constraints shaping water service systems under demographic growth and climate variability. It examines forty years of IMF and World Bank interventions in Madagascar’s Water–Sanitation–Hygiene (WASH) sector, in a context of rapid population increase, accelerated urbanization, and recurrent climate pressures. The analysis reviews the cumulative effects of macroeconomic policies, conditionalities, and financing architectures on sector performance between 1984 and 2024.</p> <p>Drawing on publicly available sources (WHO/UNICEF JMP 1990–2022, Public Expenditure Reviews 2017–2021, JIRAMA reports, IMF Article IV consultations, and IEG evaluations), the note identifies how expenditure ceilings, wage bill constraints, tariff adjustments, subsidy reductions, and institutional fragmentation influenced the evolution of essential services operating under persistent hydro-environmental stress.</p> <p>Findings indicate modest gains in access to services (+10 percentage points for drinking water and +8 points for sanitation), persistent structural deficits within the national utility JIRAMA (–190 M USD in 2022), and high physical losses (45%). These outcomes are interpreted at the intersection of external drivers (donor policies), internal factors (governance arrangements), and structural conditions (demography, urbanization, and climate).</p> <p>The note provides a cumulative reading of four decades of interventions to inform future public policy choices and strategic investment decisions in a low-income, climate-vulnerable setting where water availability and variability remain binding constraints.</p> |
| format | Recurso digital |
| id | zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_17625044 |
| institution | Zenodo |
| language | fra |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Zenodo |
| record_format | zenodo |
| spellingShingle | Madagascar 1984–2024: Forty Years of IMF/World Bank Policies and the Trajectory of the Water–Sanitation–Hygiene (WASH) Sector RASOANAIVO, Zo Rivomanana Madagascar Eau Assainissement Hygiène FMI Banque mondiale Ajustement structurel Jirama Gouvernance Politiques publiques Développement Water Sanitation Hygiene IMF World Bank Structural adjustment Public utilities Governance Development policy <p>This strategic note is grounded in long-term hydrological constraints shaping water service systems under demographic growth and climate variability. It examines forty years of IMF and World Bank interventions in Madagascar’s Water–Sanitation–Hygiene (WASH) sector, in a context of rapid population increase, accelerated urbanization, and recurrent climate pressures. The analysis reviews the cumulative effects of macroeconomic policies, conditionalities, and financing architectures on sector performance between 1984 and 2024.</p> <p>Drawing on publicly available sources (WHO/UNICEF JMP 1990–2022, Public Expenditure Reviews 2017–2021, JIRAMA reports, IMF Article IV consultations, and IEG evaluations), the note identifies how expenditure ceilings, wage bill constraints, tariff adjustments, subsidy reductions, and institutional fragmentation influenced the evolution of essential services operating under persistent hydro-environmental stress.</p> <p>Findings indicate modest gains in access to services (+10 percentage points for drinking water and +8 points for sanitation), persistent structural deficits within the national utility JIRAMA (–190 M USD in 2022), and high physical losses (45%). These outcomes are interpreted at the intersection of external drivers (donor policies), internal factors (governance arrangements), and structural conditions (demography, urbanization, and climate).</p> <p>The note provides a cumulative reading of four decades of interventions to inform future public policy choices and strategic investment decisions in a low-income, climate-vulnerable setting where water availability and variability remain binding constraints.</p> |
| title | Madagascar 1984–2024: Forty Years of IMF/World Bank Policies and the Trajectory of the Water–Sanitation–Hygiene (WASH) Sector |
| topic | Madagascar Eau Assainissement Hygiène FMI Banque mondiale Ajustement structurel Jirama Gouvernance Politiques publiques Développement Water Sanitation Hygiene IMF World Bank Structural adjustment Public utilities Governance Development policy |
| url | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17625044 |