DISTRIBUTION OF HAEMOGLOBIN GENOTYPES AND MALARIA PREVALENCE IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA.

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Hauptverfasser: Ene Etim Okon, Tamunoibigbariya Kellyiyi Ibama, Emmanuella Eleojo Emmanuel, Edeminang Effiom Umo, Charity Akwa, Favour Kumishi Adams, Osekweyi Isuwa Odonye, Ogunnodi Olanrewaju Collins, Mohammed Lukeman Senusi, Ibrahim Zakari, Francisca Felix Okon
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author Ene Etim Okon
Tamunoibigbariya Kellyiyi Ibama
Emmanuella Eleojo Emmanuel
Edeminang Effiom Umo
Charity Akwa
Favour Kumishi Adams
Osekweyi Isuwa Odonye
Ogunnodi Olanrewaju Collins
Mohammed Lukeman Senusi
Ibrahim Zakari
Francisca Felix Okon
author_facet Ene Etim Okon
Tamunoibigbariya Kellyiyi Ibama
Emmanuella Eleojo Emmanuel
Edeminang Effiom Umo
Charity Akwa
Favour Kumishi Adams
Osekweyi Isuwa Odonye
Ogunnodi Olanrewaju Collins
Mohammed Lukeman Senusi
Ibrahim Zakari
Francisca Felix Okon
contents <p><strong><span>ABSTRACT</span></strong></p> <p><span>Malaria remains a significant health challenge in Nigeria, particularly in areas with high transmission rates. This study investigated the relationship between haemoglobin genotypes and malaria susceptibility <strong>in the three Senatorial zones</strong> of Nasarawa State,<span> </span>Nigeria. A hospital-based cross-sectional survey was carried out from January 13, 2025, to May 22, 2025 in Nasarawa State. Convenient sampling was used for selecting the study. A total of 384 malaria patients diagnosed by microscopy were included in the study, and their haemoglobin genotypes were determined using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The results showed that AA genotype was the most prevalent (79.9%), followed by AS (19.3%), SS (0.5%), and AC (0.3%). Though the p-value was insignificant, the distribution of malaria parasitaemia was higher in individuals with the AA genotype, suggesting that this genotype is more susceptible to malaria. The AS and SS genotypes appeared to offer some protection against malaria, consistent with previous studies. These findings highlight the importance of haemoglobin variants in malaria susceptibility and have implications for malaria prevention and treatment strategies. The findings of this study are particularly important especially in high-transmission regions, and therefore calls for expanded multi-states studies to further understand the complex relationships between haemoglobin genotypes and malaria susceptibility. This could inform targeted medicine and contribute to understanding malaria susceptibility in similar populations.<strong><span>  </span></strong></span></p> <p><strong><span>Keywords: <span>Malaria Parasite, Haemoglobin Genotypes, Susceptibility, Prevalence, Nasarawa State.</span></span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>1.<span>         </span>INTRODUCTION</span></strong></p> <p><span>One of the biggest health challenges of mankind is malaria, especially in endemic populations such as sub-saharan Africa. Malaria develops when an individual receives a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, leading to the injection of malaria parasites (MPs, also known as Plasmodium species) into the human body. Globally, it was estimated that 627,000 deaths occurred in 2021 (WHO, 2022), though this represents a small fraction of the over 200 million clinical cases per year. </span><span><a href="https://x.com/gavi/status/1868699912084365747?s=19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance</span><span>,</span></a></span><span> stated that new data from the World Health Organisation (WHO) revealed that an estimated 263 million malaria cases and 597,000 malaria deaths occurred worldwide in 2023 (WHO, 2024). This marks an increase of approximately 11 million cases compared to 2022, with nearly the same number of deaths reported (WHO, 2023). Alarmingly, about 95 per cent of these deaths were concentrated in the WHO African region, where many individuals at risk still lack access to essential services for prevention, detection, and treatment of malaria (WHO, 2024). </span></p>
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spellingShingle DISTRIBUTION OF HAEMOGLOBIN GENOTYPES AND MALARIA PREVALENCE IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA.
Ene Etim Okon
Tamunoibigbariya Kellyiyi Ibama
Emmanuella Eleojo Emmanuel
Edeminang Effiom Umo
Charity Akwa
Favour Kumishi Adams
Osekweyi Isuwa Odonye
Ogunnodi Olanrewaju Collins
Mohammed Lukeman Senusi
Ibrahim Zakari
Francisca Felix Okon
<p><strong><span>ABSTRACT</span></strong></p> <p><span>Malaria remains a significant health challenge in Nigeria, particularly in areas with high transmission rates. This study investigated the relationship between haemoglobin genotypes and malaria susceptibility <strong>in the three Senatorial zones</strong> of Nasarawa State,<span> </span>Nigeria. A hospital-based cross-sectional survey was carried out from January 13, 2025, to May 22, 2025 in Nasarawa State. Convenient sampling was used for selecting the study. A total of 384 malaria patients diagnosed by microscopy were included in the study, and their haemoglobin genotypes were determined using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The results showed that AA genotype was the most prevalent (79.9%), followed by AS (19.3%), SS (0.5%), and AC (0.3%). Though the p-value was insignificant, the distribution of malaria parasitaemia was higher in individuals with the AA genotype, suggesting that this genotype is more susceptible to malaria. The AS and SS genotypes appeared to offer some protection against malaria, consistent with previous studies. These findings highlight the importance of haemoglobin variants in malaria susceptibility and have implications for malaria prevention and treatment strategies. The findings of this study are particularly important especially in high-transmission regions, and therefore calls for expanded multi-states studies to further understand the complex relationships between haemoglobin genotypes and malaria susceptibility. This could inform targeted medicine and contribute to understanding malaria susceptibility in similar populations.<strong><span>  </span></strong></span></p> <p><strong><span>Keywords: <span>Malaria Parasite, Haemoglobin Genotypes, Susceptibility, Prevalence, Nasarawa State.</span></span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>1.<span>         </span>INTRODUCTION</span></strong></p> <p><span>One of the biggest health challenges of mankind is malaria, especially in endemic populations such as sub-saharan Africa. Malaria develops when an individual receives a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, leading to the injection of malaria parasites (MPs, also known as Plasmodium species) into the human body. Globally, it was estimated that 627,000 deaths occurred in 2021 (WHO, 2022), though this represents a small fraction of the over 200 million clinical cases per year. </span><span><a href="https://x.com/gavi/status/1868699912084365747?s=19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance</span><span>,</span></a></span><span> stated that new data from the World Health Organisation (WHO) revealed that an estimated 263 million malaria cases and 597,000 malaria deaths occurred worldwide in 2023 (WHO, 2024). This marks an increase of approximately 11 million cases compared to 2022, with nearly the same number of deaths reported (WHO, 2023). Alarmingly, about 95 per cent of these deaths were concentrated in the WHO African region, where many individuals at risk still lack access to essential services for prevention, detection, and treatment of malaria (WHO, 2024). </span></p>
title DISTRIBUTION OF HAEMOGLOBIN GENOTYPES AND MALARIA PREVALENCE IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA.
url https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17922553