| _version_ | 1866901105540071424 |
|---|---|
| author | Fleihan, Mohammed |
| author_facet | Fleihan, Mohammed |
| contents | <p>Abstract<br>Warm mix asphalt (WMA) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) are increasingly promoted as core technologies for decarbonizing road infrastructure, but their combined use in hot climates still raises legitimate concerns about rutting, moisture damage, and long-term durability. This review consolidates recent experimental and field investigations on WMA–RAP mixtures exposed to elevated temperatures and arid service conditions, complemented by life cycle assessments and industry survey data. The evidence shows that RAP systematically increases mixture stiffness and high-temperature stability, effectively compensating for the reduced short-term aging of WMA binders. When RAP contents are maintained in the range of roughly 20–35% and combined with chemical or moderate-dose wax WMA additives, rutting resistance is generally comparable to, or better than, conventional hot mix asphalt, while cracking and moisture performance remain within acceptable limits when verified using performance-based mix design. Higher RAP levels (40–50% and above) can be successfully used in binder and base courses, or in carefully engineered surface mixtures, but require softer binders, rejuvenators, and tighter process control. Environmental and economic analyses indicate that WMA–RAP can reduce production temperatures by 20–60 °C, lower fuel consumption and associated emissions by approximately 15–40%, and decrease material costs by about 20–35% per ton through reduced virgin binder and aggregate demand. The review concludes by proposing practical design envelopes for hot-climate pavement networks and outlining priority research directions in long-term field monitoring, nano-modified WMA–RAP systems, and data-driven performance prediction.</p> |
| format | Recurso digital |
| id | zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_18055974 |
| institution | Zenodo |
| language | |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Zenodo |
| record_format | zenodo |
| spellingShingle | Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Hot Climates " A Comprehensive Review" Fleihan, Mohammed <p>Abstract<br>Warm mix asphalt (WMA) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) are increasingly promoted as core technologies for decarbonizing road infrastructure, but their combined use in hot climates still raises legitimate concerns about rutting, moisture damage, and long-term durability. This review consolidates recent experimental and field investigations on WMA–RAP mixtures exposed to elevated temperatures and arid service conditions, complemented by life cycle assessments and industry survey data. The evidence shows that RAP systematically increases mixture stiffness and high-temperature stability, effectively compensating for the reduced short-term aging of WMA binders. When RAP contents are maintained in the range of roughly 20–35% and combined with chemical or moderate-dose wax WMA additives, rutting resistance is generally comparable to, or better than, conventional hot mix asphalt, while cracking and moisture performance remain within acceptable limits when verified using performance-based mix design. Higher RAP levels (40–50% and above) can be successfully used in binder and base courses, or in carefully engineered surface mixtures, but require softer binders, rejuvenators, and tighter process control. Environmental and economic analyses indicate that WMA–RAP can reduce production temperatures by 20–60 °C, lower fuel consumption and associated emissions by approximately 15–40%, and decrease material costs by about 20–35% per ton through reduced virgin binder and aggregate demand. The review concludes by proposing practical design envelopes for hot-climate pavement networks and outlining priority research directions in long-term field monitoring, nano-modified WMA–RAP systems, and data-driven performance prediction.</p> |
| title | Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Hot Climates " A Comprehensive Review" |
| url | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18055974 |