Caryota kiriwongensis Hodel 2009
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| author | Jeanson, Marc J. Couvreur, Thomas L. P. Henderson, Andrew |
| author_facet | Jeanson, Marc J. Couvreur, Thomas L. P. Henderson, Andrew |
| contents | <p><b>2.4.</b> <i>Caryota kiriwongensis</i> Hodel (2009: 171). Type:— THAILAND, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Kiriwong, 28 November 1997, <i>Hodel et al. 1809</i> (holotype BK!; isotypes BH <i>n.v</i>., MO[MO104384, MO104385, MO104386). Plates 30 & 31.</p><p><b>Stems</b> solitary, to 35–40 m tall, conspicuously constricted at the very top, sometimes slightly swollen, 45–90(100) cm diameter; internodes 20–30 cm long, smooth, light gray to light brown. <b>Leaves</b> 8–10 per stem, bipinnate, 7–8.5 by 5–6 m, distributed at the top of the stem, usually spreading; leaf sheaths to 3–4 m long, split, disintegrating along the margins into dark brown-black fibers; ligules not recorded; petioles 0.4–0.7 m long, 5–6 cm wide at the base, channelled in cross section; rachises to 8 m long, 2–3 cm wide at the base, triangular to hemispherical in cross section, terete in distal part; secondary rachises 20–25 on one side of the primary rachis, to 3.5 m long, spreading and ± horizontal along the whole length of the primary rachis, the tips not pendulous; leaf sheaths, petioles, and rachises covered with white-gray to brown indumentum; petiolules absent; <b>pinnae</b> to 40 on each side of the secondary rachises, fishtail shaped, not acuminate, 17–35 by 8–13 cm, not conspicuously different in shape and regularly arranged along the secondary rachises,, adaxial and abaxial surfaces dark to light green, concolorous, margins entire, apical margins jagged, toothed, teeth 0.5–1 mm long. <b>Inflorescences</b> bisexual, solitary, pendulous, developing in a basipetal direction, branching to 1 order, 2–2.5 by 0.7–0.9 m, initially interfoliar, later infrafoliar, apparently restricted to the upper quarter of the stem; prophylls not recorded; peduncular bracts not recorded; peduncles arched downwards, to 100 cm long, ca. 10 cm diameter, rounded in cross section, surfaces not recorded; rachillae numerous, exact number not recorded, with a conspicuous ridge at the insertion point, to 150 cm long, 3–4(5) mm diameter, pendulous, green, glabrous or sparsely covered with a light gray to brownish indumentum; <b>flowers</b> in triads, spirally arranged along the rachillae; <b>staminate flowers</b> elliptic in bud, 16 by 9 mm; sepals 3, imbricate, 0.5–0.8 by 0.9–1.2 cm, elliptic, margins glabrous to slightly hairy, entire to notched, notches to 1 mm long, margins of these dark brown, outside surfaces smooth, sometimes gibbous, keels to 3 mm long, dark brown; petals 3, valvate in bud, 2–2.8 by 0.8–1 cm, elliptic, outside surfaces smooth to slightly ridged, light to dark brown, inside surfaces smooth to slightly ridged, white to yellowish, shiny; stamens 90–135; filaments 2.6–4 by 0.7–1 mm, white, shiny; anthers linear, 12–15 by 1–1.1 mm, basifixed, sometimes clearly aristate, to 1 mm long; <b>pistillate flowers</b> broadly ovate; bracteoles 2–3, 1.5 by 7 mm, closely unsheathing the sepals; sepals 3, imbricate, 6 by 7 mm, elliptic, margins glabrous, entire to slightly irregular, outside surfaces covered brown indumentum, dark brown; petals 3, valvate in bud, 10 by 7 mm, triangular, coriaceous, outside surfaces smooth to slightly ridged, dark brown, inside surfaces not recorded; gynoecia triangular obovoid, 7 by 6 mm; locules not recorded; stigmas 2, to 1.5 mm long, shape and color not recorded; staminodes 1–2, to 1 mm long; <b>fruits</b> 2-seeded, rarely 1-seeded, globose to depressed-globose, 2.5–2.7– 3–3.5 cm, pale green when unripe, to dull red when ripe; stigmatic remains apical, ca. 1 mm long; seeds hemispherical (in 2-seeded fruits), rarely globose reniform (in 1-seeded fruit), to 1.8 by 2.4 by 1.3–1.5 cm when hemispherical, to 1.7 by 2 cm when globose reniform; testa black, ridged; hilum inconspicuous; endosperm homogeneous. Eophylls usually bifid, rarely pinnate.</p><p><b>Distribution and habitat</b>:—Peninsular Thailand (Kiriwong Mountains) (Fig. 35) in wet forests at 1200–1500 m elevation.</p><p><b>Notes</b>:— <i>Caryota kiriwongensis</i> has the largest stems of the genus. It is recognized as a separate species due to its massive stems and seeds with homogeneous endosperm. Hodel (1998) published this species in association with <i>Caryota gigas</i> now considered as a synonym of <i>C. obtusa</i> (Govaerts & Dransfield 2005). <i>Caryota kiriwongensis</i> is closely related to <i>C. obtusa</i>. Our phylogenetic analysis recovered a well supported clade including various samples belonging to species of <i>C. obtusa</i>, <i>C. gigas,</i> and <i>C. kiriwongensis</i>.</p><p><b>Reproductive biology</b>:— <i>Caryota kiriwongensis</i> is hapaxanthic with a basipetal inflorescence development.</p><p><b>Etymology</b>:—Named in reference to the type locality.</p><p><b>Preliminary IUCN</b> <b>conservation status</b>:— Critically Endangered [CR] – <i>Caryota kiriwongensis</i> is endemic to Thailand. Its area of occupancy AOO is estimated to be 4 km 2 (below the limits for Critically Endangered status under the criterion B2). The species is known from one “location” (sensu IUCN 2012), within the limits of the Critically Endangered status. This species is present only on the type locality where a small population is reported, and an important decline of its EOO and AOO cannot be predicted. Since the conditions for applying subcriteria a under criterion B1 and B2 are met, and considering the very restricted distribution area, the species is thus assigned a preliminary status of CR. In the event that <i>Caryota kiriwongensis</i> should be proved more abundant due to a better collecting effort, the present conservation status would be revised.</p><p><b>Additional specimens Examined</b>:— THAILAND. Nakhon Si Thammarat, Kiriwong, 26 Jan 2010 (fl, fr), <i>Jeanson, M. L. MJ79</i> (NY! P!).</p> |
| format | Recurso digital |
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| publishDate | 2025 |
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| spellingShingle | Caryota kiriwongensis Hodel 2009 Jeanson, Marc J. Couvreur, Thomas L. P. Henderson, Andrew Biodiversity Taxonomy Plantae Tracheophyta Liliopsida Arecales Arecaceae Caryota Caryota kiriwongensis <p><b>2.4.</b> <i>Caryota kiriwongensis</i> Hodel (2009: 171). Type:— THAILAND, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Kiriwong, 28 November 1997, <i>Hodel et al. 1809</i> (holotype BK!; isotypes BH <i>n.v</i>., MO[MO104384, MO104385, MO104386). Plates 30 & 31.</p><p><b>Stems</b> solitary, to 35–40 m tall, conspicuously constricted at the very top, sometimes slightly swollen, 45–90(100) cm diameter; internodes 20–30 cm long, smooth, light gray to light brown. <b>Leaves</b> 8–10 per stem, bipinnate, 7–8.5 by 5–6 m, distributed at the top of the stem, usually spreading; leaf sheaths to 3–4 m long, split, disintegrating along the margins into dark brown-black fibers; ligules not recorded; petioles 0.4–0.7 m long, 5–6 cm wide at the base, channelled in cross section; rachises to 8 m long, 2–3 cm wide at the base, triangular to hemispherical in cross section, terete in distal part; secondary rachises 20–25 on one side of the primary rachis, to 3.5 m long, spreading and ± horizontal along the whole length of the primary rachis, the tips not pendulous; leaf sheaths, petioles, and rachises covered with white-gray to brown indumentum; petiolules absent; <b>pinnae</b> to 40 on each side of the secondary rachises, fishtail shaped, not acuminate, 17–35 by 8–13 cm, not conspicuously different in shape and regularly arranged along the secondary rachises,, adaxial and abaxial surfaces dark to light green, concolorous, margins entire, apical margins jagged, toothed, teeth 0.5–1 mm long. <b>Inflorescences</b> bisexual, solitary, pendulous, developing in a basipetal direction, branching to 1 order, 2–2.5 by 0.7–0.9 m, initially interfoliar, later infrafoliar, apparently restricted to the upper quarter of the stem; prophylls not recorded; peduncular bracts not recorded; peduncles arched downwards, to 100 cm long, ca. 10 cm diameter, rounded in cross section, surfaces not recorded; rachillae numerous, exact number not recorded, with a conspicuous ridge at the insertion point, to 150 cm long, 3–4(5) mm diameter, pendulous, green, glabrous or sparsely covered with a light gray to brownish indumentum; <b>flowers</b> in triads, spirally arranged along the rachillae; <b>staminate flowers</b> elliptic in bud, 16 by 9 mm; sepals 3, imbricate, 0.5–0.8 by 0.9–1.2 cm, elliptic, margins glabrous to slightly hairy, entire to notched, notches to 1 mm long, margins of these dark brown, outside surfaces smooth, sometimes gibbous, keels to 3 mm long, dark brown; petals 3, valvate in bud, 2–2.8 by 0.8–1 cm, elliptic, outside surfaces smooth to slightly ridged, light to dark brown, inside surfaces smooth to slightly ridged, white to yellowish, shiny; stamens 90–135; filaments 2.6–4 by 0.7–1 mm, white, shiny; anthers linear, 12–15 by 1–1.1 mm, basifixed, sometimes clearly aristate, to 1 mm long; <b>pistillate flowers</b> broadly ovate; bracteoles 2–3, 1.5 by 7 mm, closely unsheathing the sepals; sepals 3, imbricate, 6 by 7 mm, elliptic, margins glabrous, entire to slightly irregular, outside surfaces covered brown indumentum, dark brown; petals 3, valvate in bud, 10 by 7 mm, triangular, coriaceous, outside surfaces smooth to slightly ridged, dark brown, inside surfaces not recorded; gynoecia triangular obovoid, 7 by 6 mm; locules not recorded; stigmas 2, to 1.5 mm long, shape and color not recorded; staminodes 1–2, to 1 mm long; <b>fruits</b> 2-seeded, rarely 1-seeded, globose to depressed-globose, 2.5–2.7– 3–3.5 cm, pale green when unripe, to dull red when ripe; stigmatic remains apical, ca. 1 mm long; seeds hemispherical (in 2-seeded fruits), rarely globose reniform (in 1-seeded fruit), to 1.8 by 2.4 by 1.3–1.5 cm when hemispherical, to 1.7 by 2 cm when globose reniform; testa black, ridged; hilum inconspicuous; endosperm homogeneous. Eophylls usually bifid, rarely pinnate.</p><p><b>Distribution and habitat</b>:—Peninsular Thailand (Kiriwong Mountains) (Fig. 35) in wet forests at 1200–1500 m elevation.</p><p><b>Notes</b>:— <i>Caryota kiriwongensis</i> has the largest stems of the genus. It is recognized as a separate species due to its massive stems and seeds with homogeneous endosperm. Hodel (1998) published this species in association with <i>Caryota gigas</i> now considered as a synonym of <i>C. obtusa</i> (Govaerts & Dransfield 2005). <i>Caryota kiriwongensis</i> is closely related to <i>C. obtusa</i>. Our phylogenetic analysis recovered a well supported clade including various samples belonging to species of <i>C. obtusa</i>, <i>C. gigas,</i> and <i>C. kiriwongensis</i>.</p><p><b>Reproductive biology</b>:— <i>Caryota kiriwongensis</i> is hapaxanthic with a basipetal inflorescence development.</p><p><b>Etymology</b>:—Named in reference to the type locality.</p><p><b>Preliminary IUCN</b> <b>conservation status</b>:— Critically Endangered [CR] – <i>Caryota kiriwongensis</i> is endemic to Thailand. Its area of occupancy AOO is estimated to be 4 km 2 (below the limits for Critically Endangered status under the criterion B2). The species is known from one “location” (sensu IUCN 2012), within the limits of the Critically Endangered status. This species is present only on the type locality where a small population is reported, and an important decline of its EOO and AOO cannot be predicted. Since the conditions for applying subcriteria a under criterion B1 and B2 are met, and considering the very restricted distribution area, the species is thus assigned a preliminary status of CR. In the event that <i>Caryota kiriwongensis</i> should be proved more abundant due to a better collecting effort, the present conservation status would be revised.</p><p><b>Additional specimens Examined</b>:— THAILAND. Nakhon Si Thammarat, Kiriwong, 26 Jan 2010 (fl, fr), <i>Jeanson, M. L. MJ79</i> (NY! P!).</p> |
| title | Caryota kiriwongensis Hodel 2009 |
| topic | Biodiversity Taxonomy Plantae Tracheophyta Liliopsida Arecales Arecaceae Caryota Caryota kiriwongensis |
| url | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18412687 |