Homomorphic Pairwise Authentication: Privacy-Preserving Identity Verification Through Zero-Detection on Encrypted Credential Differences

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Hauptverfasser: Lee, Eunice, Lee, Caleb
Format: Recurso digital
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Zenodo 2026
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author Lee, Eunice
Lee, Caleb
author_facet Lee, Eunice
Lee, Caleb
contents <p>We present a novel homomorphic pairwise authentication protocol that achieves strong privacy guarantees by leveraging the additive homomorphic properties of EC-ElGamal encryption for secure credential comparison. Our key innovation is the homomorphic difference verification mechanism: instead of comparing credentials directly, we compute the homomorphic difference between stored and presented encrypted credentials, then verify whether this difference encrypts the identity element (zero). This approach ensures that authentication reveals only credential validity while completely hiding credential values, achieving information-theoretic privacy for the authentication decision. The protocol eliminates plaintext credential exposure at all stages while maintaining practical efficiency with authentication times under 1.2 milliseconds and communication overhead of only 128 bytes per session. We provide formal security proofs demonstrating semantic security, unlinkability, and perfect zero-knowledge properties under the Decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption, along with practical extensions for multi-credential scenarios and threshold authentication systems.</p>
format Recurso digital
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language eng
publishDate 2026
publisher Zenodo
record_format zenodo
spellingShingle Homomorphic Pairwise Authentication: Privacy-Preserving Identity Verification Through Zero-Detection on Encrypted Credential Differences
Lee, Eunice
Lee, Caleb
Homomorphic Encryption
Pairwise Authentication
EC-ElGamal Encryption
Privacy-Preserving Authentication
Zero-Knowledge Authentication
Secure Credential Verification
Computer and information sciences
Cryptography
Mathematics
<p>We present a novel homomorphic pairwise authentication protocol that achieves strong privacy guarantees by leveraging the additive homomorphic properties of EC-ElGamal encryption for secure credential comparison. Our key innovation is the homomorphic difference verification mechanism: instead of comparing credentials directly, we compute the homomorphic difference between stored and presented encrypted credentials, then verify whether this difference encrypts the identity element (zero). This approach ensures that authentication reveals only credential validity while completely hiding credential values, achieving information-theoretic privacy for the authentication decision. The protocol eliminates plaintext credential exposure at all stages while maintaining practical efficiency with authentication times under 1.2 milliseconds and communication overhead of only 128 bytes per session. We provide formal security proofs demonstrating semantic security, unlinkability, and perfect zero-knowledge properties under the Decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption, along with practical extensions for multi-credential scenarios and threshold authentication systems.</p>
title Homomorphic Pairwise Authentication: Privacy-Preserving Identity Verification Through Zero-Detection on Encrypted Credential Differences
topic Homomorphic Encryption
Pairwise Authentication
EC-ElGamal Encryption
Privacy-Preserving Authentication
Zero-Knowledge Authentication
Secure Credential Verification
Computer and information sciences
Cryptography
Mathematics
url https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18489939