| _version_ | 1866901836331483136 |
|---|---|
| author | Kisida, Shota |
| author_facet | Kisida, Shota |
| contents | <p>We propose a theoretical framework in which time is treated as a physical substance characterized by a density field. A complementarity principle links time density and dark energy density through a local inverse correlation: regions of stronger gravitational distortion have lower time density and higher dark energy density. The total time density of the universe is conserved and dilutes with cosmic expansion. <br><br>The theory is formulated in five-dimensional spacetime with coordinates (x, y, z, w, t), where w represents the geometric manifestation of time density. The central structural result is that the background metric is five-dimensional Minkowski spacetime expressed in Rindler coordinates, with the five-dimensional Riemann tensor vanishing identically. No energy-momentum tensor is required to support the background. Through the Gauss-Codazzi decomposition, the four-dimensional effective Einstein equations on the w = w_0 hypersurface reproduce standard general relativity, structurally guaranteeing all weak-field predictions including the light deflection angle 4GM/(bc²), perihelion precession, Shapiro delay, and gravitational wave propagation. <br><br>Dark energy is reinterpreted as "drawing energy" — the energy cost of rendering matter in spatial dimensions on the brane. This energy is locally unobservable (by the equivalence principle) but drives cosmological expansion, providing a geometric reframing of the cosmological constant problem. The theory reproduces known effects such as GPS time dilation and is fully consistent with general relativity in the weak-field limit.</p> |
| format | Recurso digital |
| id | zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_18734258 |
| institution | Zenodo |
| language | eng |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Zenodo |
| record_format | zenodo |
| spellingShingle | Five-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Spacetime: Time Density and Dark Energy Complementarity Kisida, Shota time density dark energy GPS time dilation modified gravity extra dimensions cosmological constant physics <p>We propose a theoretical framework in which time is treated as a physical substance characterized by a density field. A complementarity principle links time density and dark energy density through a local inverse correlation: regions of stronger gravitational distortion have lower time density and higher dark energy density. The total time density of the universe is conserved and dilutes with cosmic expansion. <br><br>The theory is formulated in five-dimensional spacetime with coordinates (x, y, z, w, t), where w represents the geometric manifestation of time density. The central structural result is that the background metric is five-dimensional Minkowski spacetime expressed in Rindler coordinates, with the five-dimensional Riemann tensor vanishing identically. No energy-momentum tensor is required to support the background. Through the Gauss-Codazzi decomposition, the four-dimensional effective Einstein equations on the w = w_0 hypersurface reproduce standard general relativity, structurally guaranteeing all weak-field predictions including the light deflection angle 4GM/(bc²), perihelion precession, Shapiro delay, and gravitational wave propagation. <br><br>Dark energy is reinterpreted as "drawing energy" — the energy cost of rendering matter in spatial dimensions on the brane. This energy is locally unobservable (by the equivalence principle) but drives cosmological expansion, providing a geometric reframing of the cosmological constant problem. The theory reproduces known effects such as GPS time dilation and is fully consistent with general relativity in the weak-field limit.</p> |
| title | Five-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Spacetime: Time Density and Dark Energy Complementarity |
| topic | time density dark energy GPS time dilation modified gravity extra dimensions cosmological constant physics |
| url | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18734258 |