Harmonic Ratio Analysis (HRA) for Online Monitoring of Electrolyzers and Fuel Cell Systems - A Nonlinear Diagnostic Method Complementing Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)

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Hauptverfasser: Benecke, Hannes, Benecke, Robert
Format: Recurso digital
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Zenodo 2026
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author Benecke, Hannes
Benecke, Robert
author_facet Benecke, Hannes
Benecke, Robert
contents <p>Harmonic Ratio Analysis (HRA) is a nonlinear electrochemical diagnostic method for online condition monitoring of electrolyzers and fuel cell systems at cell and stack level. The method evaluates selected harmonic ratios derived from low-frequency multi-frequency modulation of the operating point and provides robust trend-based indicators of asymmetric transport-related and symmetric kinetic nonlinearities.</p> <p>This technical note describes the measurement principle, harmonic ratio definitions, multi-frequency evaluation strategy, quality chain including SNR gating and persistence criteria, and practical implementation aspects for laboratory testing, industrial stack monitoring, and controller integration. The method is designed as a complementary approach to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for field-robust nonlinear diagnostics.</p>
format Recurso digital
id zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_18743943
institution Zenodo
language eng
publishDate 2026
publisher Zenodo
record_format zenodo
spellingShingle Harmonic Ratio Analysis (HRA) for Online Monitoring of Electrolyzers and Fuel Cell Systems - A Nonlinear Diagnostic Method Complementing Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
Benecke, Hannes
Benecke, Robert
Harmonic Ratio Analysis
Electrochemical diagnostics
Nonlinear frequency response
Electrolyzer monitoring
Fuel cell diagnostics
Stack monitoring
Online condition monitoring
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
<p>Harmonic Ratio Analysis (HRA) is a nonlinear electrochemical diagnostic method for online condition monitoring of electrolyzers and fuel cell systems at cell and stack level. The method evaluates selected harmonic ratios derived from low-frequency multi-frequency modulation of the operating point and provides robust trend-based indicators of asymmetric transport-related and symmetric kinetic nonlinearities.</p> <p>This technical note describes the measurement principle, harmonic ratio definitions, multi-frequency evaluation strategy, quality chain including SNR gating and persistence criteria, and practical implementation aspects for laboratory testing, industrial stack monitoring, and controller integration. The method is designed as a complementary approach to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for field-robust nonlinear diagnostics.</p>
title Harmonic Ratio Analysis (HRA) for Online Monitoring of Electrolyzers and Fuel Cell Systems - A Nonlinear Diagnostic Method Complementing Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
topic Harmonic Ratio Analysis
Electrochemical diagnostics
Nonlinear frequency response
Electrolyzer monitoring
Fuel cell diagnostics
Stack monitoring
Online condition monitoring
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
url https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18743943