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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Kotas, Andrzej M.
Format: Recurso digital
Language:English
Published: Zenodo 2025
Subjects:
critical raw materials
supply chain security
metallurgical coal
hydrogen embrittlement
rare earth elements
ferroalloys
graphite electrodes
strategic stockpiling
resource nationalism
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18926989
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Table of Contents:
  • <p>Steel industry faces unprecedented raw materials security risks through supply chain weaponisation. Australia controls 54% of metallurgical coal, China dominates rare earths essential for hydrogen-resistant steel. Geographic concentration in ferroalloys, graphite electrodes creates vulnerabilities. Strategic mitigation requires diversification, stockpiling, technology hedging with <abbr title="hydrogen direct reduced iron">H2-DRI</abbr> and <abbr title="electric arc furnace">EAF</abbr> capabilities, energy input flexibility.</p>

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