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| Format: | Recurso digital |
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Zenodo
2026
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19076618 |
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Table of Contents:
- <p>We show that the hierarchy of scales of the observable universe can be character-</p> <p>ized by a single dimensionless number N= RU /ℓP ≈2.72 ×1061, built exclusively</p> <p>from fundamental constants and independent of any human convention of measure-</p> <p>ment. This work extends the framework of Villaluz (2026a) by incorporating four</p> <p>new geometric observations: (1) the inverse-square law shared by Newtonian</p> <p>gravitation, Coulomb electrostatics, and the cosmological constant in Planck units</p> <p>as the primordial reection of spherical geometry in three spatial dimensions;</p> <p>(2) w =−1 as a geometric consistency result under the hypothesis of holographic</p> <p>area normalization, consistent with the ΛCDM model; (3) the logarithmic growth</p> <p>of the scale hierarchy as a continuous cosmic process; and (4) the coherence of the</p> <p>framework with the results of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI</p> <p>DR1 2024, DR2 2025), which show hints of evolving dark energy at 2.8 4.2σ when</p> <p>combined with CMB and supernovae. We argue that constant Λ is consistent with</p> <p>this framework, and that the DESI signal may be interpreted as the dynamical tran-</p> <p>sition of H(t) from matter domination toward its asymptotic value H∞ = Λ/3,</p> <p>though this is not the only possible interpretation. An open internal tension is iden-</p> <p>tied between the w=−1/3 prediction of the linear regime and w=−1 of the full</p> <p>spherical regime. All observations are presented as properties of the geometry of</p> <p>space, not as postulates claiming to modify the laws of physics.</p>