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| Format: | Recurso digital |
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Zenodo
2026
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19102330 |
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Table of Contents:
- <p>This paper proposes that India can transform mass-market vehicles into distributed energy infrastructure by integrating Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREVs) with existing national digital systems—Battery Pack Aadhaar Number (BPAN), VAHAN vehicle registry, smart meters, and UPI payments. An EREV equipped with a modest battery (~20 kWh), a small onboard generator, Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) capability, and a permanently connected embedded modem can simultaneously function as transport, household backup power, solar storage, and a grid-participating energy asset.</p> <p>The central argument is that India has already built the necessary backend infrastructure—identity (BPAN, Aadhaar), ownership (VAHAN), measurement (smart meters), connectivity (cellular), and settlement (UPI). When combined, these systems enable millions of privately owned vehicle batteries to operate as coordinated, verifiable, and financially addressable energy nodes without requiring new large-scale infrastructure.</p> <p>The paper introduces Level 1 Vehicle-to-Grid (V4G) as the default operating mode, where plugged-in vehicles provide low-power continuous grid support using existing electrical infrastructure. It further establishes key architectural principles: payments must follow the vehicle rather than the household meter; battery identity enables trust and settlement; and open communication protocols prevent manufacturer lock-in.</p> <p>Technically, the EREV architecture separates high-voltage propulsion from low-voltage systems, enabling reliability, modular battery replacement, and compatibility with existing automotive ecosystems. The onboard generator—operating in a narrow, optimized regime—provides range assurance and enables continuous household power during extended outages, making the vehicle a seamless uninterruptible power supply (UPS).</p> <p>Economically, the model demonstrates substantial household savings, new income streams through grid participation, and large-scale system benefits including peak demand reduction, petroleum import substitution, and avoidance of grid capital expenditure. At national scale, partial fleet adoption can deliver storage capacity and demand response exceeding planned grid investments.</p> <p>The paper concludes that no behavioral change or mandate is required. A single condition—allowing plugged-in vehicles to export electricity and receive payment—aligns individual incentives with grid stability. The system scales through ordinary user behavior (“plug in”) enabled by interoperable digital public infrastructu</p>