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2026
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19254672 |
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| author | Tax, Samuel Marinus Lenaerts, Jan Van Tiggelen, Maurice Feenstra, Thirza Smeets, Paul Gadde, Srinidhi van Dalum, Christiaan Timo van de Berg, Willem Jan van den Broeke, Michiel Roland |
| author_facet | Tax, Samuel Marinus Lenaerts, Jan Van Tiggelen, Maurice Feenstra, Thirza Smeets, Paul Gadde, Srinidhi van Dalum, Christiaan Timo van de Berg, Willem Jan van den Broeke, Michiel Roland |
| contents | <p>This dataset contains measurements from an extensive blowing snow experiment performed at observational site S10 ( 67.00° N, 47.02° W) in the lower accumulation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet in the fall of 2012. The experiment was conducted by the Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU) and is described by Lenaerts et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-801-2014). This dataset includes measurements from different meteorological instruments that were installed between 2012-08-13 and 2012-12-13, and is organised into five files. Missing values are denoted by a value of -9999.0. All data files contain the measured height of the instruments using a SR50 snow height meter (± 0.01 m).</p> <p><strong>Table 1:</strong> Overview of the measurement instruments used in the blowing snow experiment of Lenaerts et al. (2014)</p> <table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.028%; height: 313.6px;"><colgroup><col style="width: 19.6024%;"><col style="width: 19.6024%;"><col style="width: 19.4623%;"><col style="width: 19.3223%;"><col style="width: 22.1227%;"></colgroup> <tbody> <tr style="height: 19.6px;"> <td style="height: 19.6px;"><strong>Variable</strong></td> <td style="height: 19.6px;"><strong>Instrument</strong></td> <td style="height: 19.6px;"><strong>Accuracy</strong></td> <td style="height: 19.6px;"><strong>Height (m)</strong></td> <td style="height: 19.6px;"><strong>File</strong></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 19.6px;"> <td style="height: 19.6px;">snow transport</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">Niigata Electric SPC</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">unknown</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">1.0</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">SPC_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 39.2px;"> <td style="height: 39.2px;">wind speed (<em>u</em>)</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">05103-L R.M. Young</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">± 0.3 m/s</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 4.0, 8.0</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Young_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 39.2px;"> <td style="height: 39.2px;">wind direction (<em>dd</em>)</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">05103-L R.M. Young</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">± 3° C</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 4.0, 8.0</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Young_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 19.6px;"> <td style="height: 19.6px;">temperature (<em>T</em>)</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">Vaisala HMP155</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">± 0.4° C at -20° C</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 4.0, 8.0</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">Vaisala_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 39.2px;"> <td style="height: 39.2px;">relative humidity (RH)</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Vaisala HMP155</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">± 2 % at RH < 90 %</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 4.0, 8.0</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;"><br>Vaisala_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 39.2px;"> <td style="height: 39.2px;">temperature <em>(T)</em></td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Campbell Scientific FW3 Type E thermocouple</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">± 0.2° C</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 4.0, 8.0</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Thermocouple_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 39.2px;"> <td style="height: 39.2px;">wind speed <em>(u,</em> <em>v, w</em>)</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Campbell Scientific CSAT3 Sonic Anemometer</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">offset error <± 0.04 m/s</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">5.0</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Sonic_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 39.2px;"> <td style="height: 39.2px;">temperature (<em>T</em>)</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Campbell Scientific CSAT3 Sonic Anemometer</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">resolution ± 0.025° C</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">5.0</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Sonic_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr> <td>temperature (<em>T</em>)</td> <td>Campbell Scientific FW3 Type E thermocouple</td> <td>± 0.2° C</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>Sonic_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 19.6px;"> <td style="height: 19.6px;">specific humidity (<em>q</em>)</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">LI-COR LI-7500</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">RMS noise < 0.005 g/kg</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">5.0</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">Sonic_data.csv</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Snow particle counter measurements (SPC_data.csv)</strong></p> <p>A snow particle counter (SPC; Sato et al., 1993) measured horizontal particle number fluxes for 64 radius classes with a super-luminescent diode sensor at approximately constant height above the surface between 2012-08-29 and 2012-10-09 (Lenaerts et al., 2014). To save energy, the instrument was turned off at wind speeds below 5 m/s, when blowing snow is not expected to occur. The SPC is self-steering using a wind vane and converts electrical signals from passing snow particles into 64 diameter classes, ranging from 36 μm to 490 μm (Sugiura et al., 2009).</p> <p>SPC_data.csv contains instantaneous SPC every second with timestamps (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss) in UTC (<em>time</em>), fractional day of year (<em>doy</em>), temperature in degrees Celcius (<em>T</em>), height of the SPC above the surface in m (<em>z</em>), total horizontal blowing snow mass flux in kg/m2/s (<em>tflux</em>) , and binned snow particle counts in #/s (<em>36-490</em>). The total mass flux was calculated using the cross-sectional area of the SPC (50mm2), and assuming that the blowing snow particles are perfectly spherical and have a density of 917 kg/m3.</p> <p><strong>Wind speed measurements (Young_data.csv)</strong></p> <p>Young_data.csv contains 30-minute averaged data with timestamps (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss) in UTC indicating the end of the interval (<em>time</em>), fractional day of year (<em>doy</em>), wind speed in m/s (<em>u1-u6</em>), standard deviation of the wind speed (<em>stdu1-stdu6</em>), wind direction in degrees (<em>dd1-dd6</em>), and corresponding heights above the surface in meters (<em>z1-z6</em>). The wind speed profiles of the Young sensors have been calibrated against the Sonic, and the wind sector between 90-260° is not disturbed by the mast.</p> <p><strong>Temperature and relative humidity measurements (Vaisala_data.csv)</strong></p> <p>Vaisala_data.csv contains 30-minute averaged datawith timestamps (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss) in UTC indicating the end of the interval (<em>time</em>), fractional day of year (<em>doy</em>), temperature in degrees Celcius (<em>T1-T5</em>), relative humidity as a percentage (<em>rh1-rh5</em>), and corresponding heights above the surface in meters (<em>z1-z5</em>). The temperature data have been corrected for the influence of radiation and wind. The relative humidity data have been corrected for measuring over ice and for the influence of radiation and wind, and have been validated against S10 AWS measurements. Note that the first sensor did not provide temperature measurements, so the data from the second sensor was used, and that the relative humidity measurements suffer from riming, especially sensor 5.</p> <p><strong>Temperature measurements (Thermocouple_data.csv)</strong></p> <p>Thermocouple_data.csv contains 30-minute averaged data with timestamps (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss) in UTC indicating the end of the interval (<em>time</em>), fractional day of year (<em>doy</em>), temperature in degrees Celcius (<em>tc1-tc6</em>), standard deviation of the temperature (<em>stdtc1-stdtc6</em>), and corresponding heights above the surface in meters (<em>z1-z6</em>). The measurements of the thermocouples have not been corrected. Note that sensor 2 has systemic deviations.</p> <p><strong>Eddy covariance measurements (Sonic_data.csv)</strong></p> <p>Sonic_data.csv contains 30-minute averaged data with with timestamps (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss) in UTC indicating the end of the interval (<em>time</em>), fractional day of year (<em>doy</em>), wind speeds in m/s (<em>u, v, w</em>), temperatures in degrees Celcius measured by the sonic (<em>Ts</em>) and the thermocouple (<em>Tt</em>), CO2 concentration in ppm (<em>C</em>), specific humidity measured by the licor in g/m3 (<em>q</em>), covariance terms, and the height above the surface in meters (<em>z</em>). The measurements of the sonic, thermocouple, and licor have not been corrected. Note that the licor measurements suffer from riming.</p> |
| format | Recurso digital |
| id | zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_19254672 |
| institution | Zenodo |
| language | |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Zenodo |
| record_format | zenodo |
| spellingShingle | Blowing snow measurements on the Greenland Ice Sheet at S10 in the fall of 2012 Tax, Samuel Marinus Lenaerts, Jan Van Tiggelen, Maurice Feenstra, Thirza Smeets, Paul Gadde, Srinidhi van Dalum, Christiaan Timo van de Berg, Willem Jan van den Broeke, Michiel Roland <p>This dataset contains measurements from an extensive blowing snow experiment performed at observational site S10 ( 67.00° N, 47.02° W) in the lower accumulation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet in the fall of 2012. The experiment was conducted by the Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU) and is described by Lenaerts et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-801-2014). This dataset includes measurements from different meteorological instruments that were installed between 2012-08-13 and 2012-12-13, and is organised into five files. Missing values are denoted by a value of -9999.0. All data files contain the measured height of the instruments using a SR50 snow height meter (± 0.01 m).</p> <p><strong>Table 1:</strong> Overview of the measurement instruments used in the blowing snow experiment of Lenaerts et al. (2014)</p> <table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.028%; height: 313.6px;"><colgroup><col style="width: 19.6024%;"><col style="width: 19.6024%;"><col style="width: 19.4623%;"><col style="width: 19.3223%;"><col style="width: 22.1227%;"></colgroup> <tbody> <tr style="height: 19.6px;"> <td style="height: 19.6px;"><strong>Variable</strong></td> <td style="height: 19.6px;"><strong>Instrument</strong></td> <td style="height: 19.6px;"><strong>Accuracy</strong></td> <td style="height: 19.6px;"><strong>Height (m)</strong></td> <td style="height: 19.6px;"><strong>File</strong></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 19.6px;"> <td style="height: 19.6px;">snow transport</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">Niigata Electric SPC</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">unknown</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">1.0</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">SPC_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 39.2px;"> <td style="height: 39.2px;">wind speed (<em>u</em>)</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">05103-L R.M. Young</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">± 0.3 m/s</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 4.0, 8.0</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Young_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 39.2px;"> <td style="height: 39.2px;">wind direction (<em>dd</em>)</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">05103-L R.M. Young</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">± 3° C</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 4.0, 8.0</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Young_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 19.6px;"> <td style="height: 19.6px;">temperature (<em>T</em>)</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">Vaisala HMP155</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">± 0.4° C at -20° C</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 4.0, 8.0</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">Vaisala_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 39.2px;"> <td style="height: 39.2px;">relative humidity (RH)</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Vaisala HMP155</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">± 2 % at RH < 90 %</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 4.0, 8.0</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;"><br>Vaisala_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 39.2px;"> <td style="height: 39.2px;">temperature <em>(T)</em></td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Campbell Scientific FW3 Type E thermocouple</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">± 0.2° C</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 4.0, 8.0</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Thermocouple_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 39.2px;"> <td style="height: 39.2px;">wind speed <em>(u,</em> <em>v, w</em>)</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Campbell Scientific CSAT3 Sonic Anemometer</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">offset error <± 0.04 m/s</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">5.0</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Sonic_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 39.2px;"> <td style="height: 39.2px;">temperature (<em>T</em>)</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Campbell Scientific CSAT3 Sonic Anemometer</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">resolution ± 0.025° C</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">5.0</td> <td style="height: 39.2px;">Sonic_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr> <td>temperature (<em>T</em>)</td> <td>Campbell Scientific FW3 Type E thermocouple</td> <td>± 0.2° C</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>Sonic_data.csv</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 19.6px;"> <td style="height: 19.6px;">specific humidity (<em>q</em>)</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">LI-COR LI-7500</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">RMS noise < 0.005 g/kg</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">5.0</td> <td style="height: 19.6px;">Sonic_data.csv</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Snow particle counter measurements (SPC_data.csv)</strong></p> <p>A snow particle counter (SPC; Sato et al., 1993) measured horizontal particle number fluxes for 64 radius classes with a super-luminescent diode sensor at approximately constant height above the surface between 2012-08-29 and 2012-10-09 (Lenaerts et al., 2014). To save energy, the instrument was turned off at wind speeds below 5 m/s, when blowing snow is not expected to occur. The SPC is self-steering using a wind vane and converts electrical signals from passing snow particles into 64 diameter classes, ranging from 36 μm to 490 μm (Sugiura et al., 2009).</p> <p>SPC_data.csv contains instantaneous SPC every second with timestamps (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss) in UTC (<em>time</em>), fractional day of year (<em>doy</em>), temperature in degrees Celcius (<em>T</em>), height of the SPC above the surface in m (<em>z</em>), total horizontal blowing snow mass flux in kg/m2/s (<em>tflux</em>) , and binned snow particle counts in #/s (<em>36-490</em>). The total mass flux was calculated using the cross-sectional area of the SPC (50mm2), and assuming that the blowing snow particles are perfectly spherical and have a density of 917 kg/m3.</p> <p><strong>Wind speed measurements (Young_data.csv)</strong></p> <p>Young_data.csv contains 30-minute averaged data with timestamps (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss) in UTC indicating the end of the interval (<em>time</em>), fractional day of year (<em>doy</em>), wind speed in m/s (<em>u1-u6</em>), standard deviation of the wind speed (<em>stdu1-stdu6</em>), wind direction in degrees (<em>dd1-dd6</em>), and corresponding heights above the surface in meters (<em>z1-z6</em>). The wind speed profiles of the Young sensors have been calibrated against the Sonic, and the wind sector between 90-260° is not disturbed by the mast.</p> <p><strong>Temperature and relative humidity measurements (Vaisala_data.csv)</strong></p> <p>Vaisala_data.csv contains 30-minute averaged datawith timestamps (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss) in UTC indicating the end of the interval (<em>time</em>), fractional day of year (<em>doy</em>), temperature in degrees Celcius (<em>T1-T5</em>), relative humidity as a percentage (<em>rh1-rh5</em>), and corresponding heights above the surface in meters (<em>z1-z5</em>). The temperature data have been corrected for the influence of radiation and wind. The relative humidity data have been corrected for measuring over ice and for the influence of radiation and wind, and have been validated against S10 AWS measurements. Note that the first sensor did not provide temperature measurements, so the data from the second sensor was used, and that the relative humidity measurements suffer from riming, especially sensor 5.</p> <p><strong>Temperature measurements (Thermocouple_data.csv)</strong></p> <p>Thermocouple_data.csv contains 30-minute averaged data with timestamps (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss) in UTC indicating the end of the interval (<em>time</em>), fractional day of year (<em>doy</em>), temperature in degrees Celcius (<em>tc1-tc6</em>), standard deviation of the temperature (<em>stdtc1-stdtc6</em>), and corresponding heights above the surface in meters (<em>z1-z6</em>). The measurements of the thermocouples have not been corrected. Note that sensor 2 has systemic deviations.</p> <p><strong>Eddy covariance measurements (Sonic_data.csv)</strong></p> <p>Sonic_data.csv contains 30-minute averaged data with with timestamps (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss) in UTC indicating the end of the interval (<em>time</em>), fractional day of year (<em>doy</em>), wind speeds in m/s (<em>u, v, w</em>), temperatures in degrees Celcius measured by the sonic (<em>Ts</em>) and the thermocouple (<em>Tt</em>), CO2 concentration in ppm (<em>C</em>), specific humidity measured by the licor in g/m3 (<em>q</em>), covariance terms, and the height above the surface in meters (<em>z</em>). The measurements of the sonic, thermocouple, and licor have not been corrected. Note that the licor measurements suffer from riming.</p> |
| title | Blowing snow measurements on the Greenland Ice Sheet at S10 in the fall of 2012 |
| url | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19254672 |