A Minimal Physical Definition of Time in the Multi-Bubble Universe Model: Velocity, Gravity, and Atomic Clock Tests

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Autore principale:	Lin, Hong-Jun
Natura:	Recurso digital
Pubblicazione:	Zenodo 2026
Soggetti:	Atomic clock + optical lattice Atomic clock + trapped ion Atomic clock + frequency standard Atomic clock + timekeeping Atomic clock + stability Optical atomic clocks + precision metrology Cesium clock + rubidium clock Yb optical clock Time
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_version_	1866901798762053632
author	Lin, Hong-Jun
author_facet	Lin, Hong-Jun
contents	<p>This paper proposes a minimal physical definition of time within the Multi-Bubble Universe (MBU) framework. In this picture, time is not treated as an independent background dimension, but as a local manifestation of the temporal-direction flux of the active membrane, denoted by ( \Phi_t ), while clock frequencies are interpreted as local samplers of this flux. Under this definition, two known classes of time dilation effects are given a unified interpretation. The first is velocity-induced time dilation, where the total active-membrane flux is redistributed between temporal and spatial components, leading to a reduction in ( \Phi_t ) as velocity increases. The second is gravity-induced time dilation, where local geometric depression generated by mass compresses the temporal extension and suppresses ( \Phi_t ) inside a gravitational well. We show that, in the weak-field and low-velocity limits, the MBU framework recovers the standard first-order clock-shift results of special and general relativity. In addition, we introduce a set of higher-order correction terms that encode possible membrane microstructure effects, and identify atomic clocks in satellites, GPS correction residuals, highly elliptical orbit clock comparisons, and terrestrial elevation-separated clock networks as direct testing channels. The MBU is explicitly treated here as a testable and falsifiable candidate theoretical framework that has not yet been fully validated.</p>
format	Recurso digital
id	zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_19259124
institution	Zenodo
language
publishDate	2026
publisher	Zenodo
record_format	zenodo
spellingShingle	A Minimal Physical Definition of Time in the Multi-Bubble Universe Model: Velocity, Gravity, and Atomic Clock Tests Lin, Hong-Jun Atomic clock + optical lattice Atomic clock + trapped ion Atomic clock + frequency standard Atomic clock + timekeeping Atomic clock + stability Optical atomic clocks + precision metrology Cesium clock + rubidium clock Yb optical clock Time <p>This paper proposes a minimal physical definition of time within the Multi-Bubble Universe (MBU) framework. In this picture, time is not treated as an independent background dimension, but as a local manifestation of the temporal-direction flux of the active membrane, denoted by ( \Phi_t ), while clock frequencies are interpreted as local samplers of this flux. Under this definition, two known classes of time dilation effects are given a unified interpretation. The first is velocity-induced time dilation, where the total active-membrane flux is redistributed between temporal and spatial components, leading to a reduction in ( \Phi_t ) as velocity increases. The second is gravity-induced time dilation, where local geometric depression generated by mass compresses the temporal extension and suppresses ( \Phi_t ) inside a gravitational well. We show that, in the weak-field and low-velocity limits, the MBU framework recovers the standard first-order clock-shift results of special and general relativity. In addition, we introduce a set of higher-order correction terms that encode possible membrane microstructure effects, and identify atomic clocks in satellites, GPS correction residuals, highly elliptical orbit clock comparisons, and terrestrial elevation-separated clock networks as direct testing channels. The MBU is explicitly treated here as a testable and falsifiable candidate theoretical framework that has not yet been fully validated.</p>
title	A Minimal Physical Definition of Time in the Multi-Bubble Universe Model: Velocity, Gravity, and Atomic Clock Tests
topic	Atomic clock + optical lattice Atomic clock + trapped ion Atomic clock + frequency standard Atomic clock + timekeeping Atomic clock + stability Optical atomic clocks + precision metrology Cesium clock + rubidium clock Yb optical clock Time
url	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19259124