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| Format: | Recurso digital |
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Zenodo
2026
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| Online-Zugang: | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19359871 |
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Inhaltsangabe:
- <p><span lang="EN-US">This review discusses the current landscape, technological advancements, and future directions of closed-loop insulin delivery systems for diabetes management.</span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US">Closed-loop insulin delivery systems, commonly known as artificial pancreas systems (APS), integrate continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with insulin pumps and algorithm-driven control to automatically regulate insulin delivery. [</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2017.0346"><span>5</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">,6,7]These systems represent a paradigm shift in type 1 diabetes management by improving glycemic control, reducing hypoglycemia, and alleviating patient burden.[</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0172"><span>2</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2017.0346"><span>5</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14273"><span>14</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">] Hybrid closed-loop systems are currently in clinical use, showing improved time in range (TIR) and reduced nocturnal hypoglycemia[</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0172"><span>2</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a><span>1</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">,14]. Emerging research focuses on fully closed-loop systems, dual-hormone delivery (insulin + glucagon), faster-acting insulins, AI-driven algorithms, and mobile integration.[7,15,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a><span>16</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a><span>17</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">] Despite significant advances, challenges remain, including inter-patient variability, sensor inaccuracy, delayed insulin absorption, and device cost. [6,19] Pharmacists and healthcare providers play a critical role in patient education, adherence, and optimization.[</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2018.0264"><span>12</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a><span>17</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">] Future directions include personalized, AI-driven algorithms, multi-hormone delivery systems, integration with wearable devices, and expansion to pediatric, pregnancy, and high-risk<span> </span>populations.[</span><span lang="EN-US"><a><span>16</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">,18,20]<br>AI-powered algorithms, wearable technology integration, multi-hormone delivery systems, and extension to high-risk, pregnant, and paediatric populations. [7,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a><span>16</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">,18,20]<br>Keywords: Type 1 diabetes, dual-hormone APS, closed-loop insulin delivery, hybrid closed-loop, artificial pancreas, and continuous glucose monitoring</span></p>