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| Format: | Recurso digital |
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2026
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| Accès en ligne: | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19654034 |
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| _version_ | 1866902290112184320 |
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| author | Mohd Syihabuddin Bin Mohd Chakrin A/L Utit Wency Bui Kher Thinng Mohamad Khair Afham Bin Muhamad Senan |
| author_facet | Mohd Syihabuddin Bin Mohd Chakrin A/L Utit Wency Bui Kher Thinng Mohamad Khair Afham Bin Muhamad Senan |
| contents | <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Abstract: </span></strong><span>This paper examines how macroeconomic conditions and public financing shape Malaysia’s out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure per capita using annual data for 2000–2022. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework is used to test for a long-run relationship between OOP spending, income (GDP per capita), inflation, and government health expenditure. The bounds test indicates cointegration. Short-run dynamics show strong pro-cyclical effects of income, a negative inflation effect consistent with affordability and substitution, and a mixed public-financing effect that turns negative with a lag. Diagnostics support model adequacy and stability.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Keywords</span></strong><span>: Out-of-Pocket Expenditure, Government Health Expenditure, GDP Per Capita, Inflation, Malaysia</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>JEL Classification Number:</span></strong><span> I18, H51, C22, E31, O53</span></p> |
| format | Recurso digital |
| id | zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_19654034 |
| institution | Zenodo |
| language | |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Zenodo |
| record_format | zenodo |
| spellingShingle | Macroeconomic Shocks, Public Financing, and Out-of-Pocket Burden in Malaysia Mohd Syihabuddin Bin Mohd Chakrin A/L Utit Wency Bui Kher Thinng Mohamad Khair Afham Bin Muhamad Senan <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Abstract: </span></strong><span>This paper examines how macroeconomic conditions and public financing shape Malaysia’s out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure per capita using annual data for 2000–2022. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework is used to test for a long-run relationship between OOP spending, income (GDP per capita), inflation, and government health expenditure. The bounds test indicates cointegration. Short-run dynamics show strong pro-cyclical effects of income, a negative inflation effect consistent with affordability and substitution, and a mixed public-financing effect that turns negative with a lag. Diagnostics support model adequacy and stability.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Keywords</span></strong><span>: Out-of-Pocket Expenditure, Government Health Expenditure, GDP Per Capita, Inflation, Malaysia</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>JEL Classification Number:</span></strong><span> I18, H51, C22, E31, O53</span></p> |
| title | Macroeconomic Shocks, Public Financing, and Out-of-Pocket Burden in Malaysia |
| url | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19654034 |