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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Recurso digital |
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Zenodo
2026
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19654034 |
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Table of Contents:
- <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Abstract: </span></strong><span>This paper examines how macroeconomic conditions and public financing shape Malaysia’s out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure per capita using annual data for 2000–2022. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework is used to test for a long-run relationship between OOP spending, income (GDP per capita), inflation, and government health expenditure. The bounds test indicates cointegration. Short-run dynamics show strong pro-cyclical effects of income, a negative inflation effect consistent with affordability and substitution, and a mixed public-financing effect that turns negative with a lag. Diagnostics support model adequacy and stability.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Keywords</span></strong><span>: Out-of-Pocket Expenditure, Government Health Expenditure, GDP Per Capita, Inflation, Malaysia</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>JEL Classification Number:</span></strong><span> I18, H51, C22, E31, O53</span></p>