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| Format: | Recurso digital |
| Language: | English |
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Zenodo
2026
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19951009 |
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| _version_ | 1866901685787426816 |
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| author | Maria Ganshyna |
| author_facet | Maria Ganshyna |
| contents | <p>This paper proposes a hybrid model for the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Existing evidence strongly supports quarried limestone and granite blocks for the lower courses, consistent with tool marks found at Aswan and Tura quarry sites. However, the logistical challenges of elevating multi-ton blocks to the upper sections of the pyramid suggest an alternative method may have been employed for the higher courses. We propose that ancient Egyptian builders transitioned to a geopolymer cast-in-place technique for upper sections, carrying raw materials in smaller loads and casting blocks directly on the pyramid using wooden molds. This hybrid model reconciles the quarry evidence with the unresolved ramp problem, and yields a clear, testable prediction: blocks from upper courses should exhibit measurably different chemical compositions compared to those in lower courses.</p> <p> </p> |
| format | Recurso digital |
| id | zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_19951009 |
| institution | Zenodo |
| language | eng |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Zenodo |
| record_format | zenodo |
| spellingShingle | A Hybrid Construction Model for the Great Pyramid of Giza: Quarried Lower Courses, Cast-in-Place Upper Courses A Preliminary Hypothesis Maria Ganshyna <p>This paper proposes a hybrid model for the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Existing evidence strongly supports quarried limestone and granite blocks for the lower courses, consistent with tool marks found at Aswan and Tura quarry sites. However, the logistical challenges of elevating multi-ton blocks to the upper sections of the pyramid suggest an alternative method may have been employed for the higher courses. We propose that ancient Egyptian builders transitioned to a geopolymer cast-in-place technique for upper sections, carrying raw materials in smaller loads and casting blocks directly on the pyramid using wooden molds. This hybrid model reconciles the quarry evidence with the unresolved ramp problem, and yields a clear, testable prediction: blocks from upper courses should exhibit measurably different chemical compositions compared to those in lower courses.</p> <p> </p> |
| title | A Hybrid Construction Model for the Great Pyramid of Giza: Quarried Lower Courses, Cast-in-Place Upper Courses A Preliminary Hypothesis |
| url | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19951009 |