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2026
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20132733 |
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| author | Ranajeet Patil*1, Shivprasad Dhage2 |
| author_facet | Ranajeet Patil*1, Shivprasad Dhage2 |
| contents | <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the gravest threats to global public health in the twenty-first century, challenging the fundamental foundations of modern clinical medicine. The progressive erosion of antibiotic efficacy across diverse pathogenic species demands a rigorous understanding of the molecular events that confer resistance, the evolutionary pressures that sustain it, and the clinical consequences that follow. This comprehensive narrative review synthesises evidence from primary research articles, systematic reviews, and authoritative international guidelines published between 2010 and 2025. Literature was retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using pre-specified search terms relating to AMR mechanisms, epidemiology, therapeutic strategies, and surveillance frameworks. The review delineates six principal resistance mechanisms: enzymatic drug inactivation (particularly β-lactamase-mediated hydrolysis including extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases), drug target modification, efflux pump-mediated drug extrusion, reduced membrane permeability through porin loss, biofilm formation, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Evolutionary analysis reveals that genetic mutation, environmental selection pressure, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) collectively drive AMR dissemination across species boundaries. Clinically, AMR is responsible for approximately 1.27 million direct deaths annually and threatens the viability of surgical procedures, cancer chemotherapy, and organ transplantation. Emerging countermeasures—phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, CRISPR-based gene editing tools, novel β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, and artificial intelligence-guided drug discovery—offer substantive promise, though significant translational barriers persist. </span></p> |
| format | Recurso digital |
| id | zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_20132733 |
| institution | Zenodo |
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| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Zenodo |
| record_format | zenodo |
| spellingShingle | Decoding Antimicrobial Resistance: Mechanisms, Evolution, and Therapeutic Challenges Ranajeet Patil*1, Shivprasad Dhage2 Antimicrobial resistance; β-lactamase; biofilm; efflux pumps; horizontal gene transfer; CRISPR-Cas; phage therapy; stewardship; multidrug resistance; carbapenemase; mobile genetic elements; One Health <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the gravest threats to global public health in the twenty-first century, challenging the fundamental foundations of modern clinical medicine. The progressive erosion of antibiotic efficacy across diverse pathogenic species demands a rigorous understanding of the molecular events that confer resistance, the evolutionary pressures that sustain it, and the clinical consequences that follow. This comprehensive narrative review synthesises evidence from primary research articles, systematic reviews, and authoritative international guidelines published between 2010 and 2025. Literature was retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using pre-specified search terms relating to AMR mechanisms, epidemiology, therapeutic strategies, and surveillance frameworks. The review delineates six principal resistance mechanisms: enzymatic drug inactivation (particularly β-lactamase-mediated hydrolysis including extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases), drug target modification, efflux pump-mediated drug extrusion, reduced membrane permeability through porin loss, biofilm formation, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Evolutionary analysis reveals that genetic mutation, environmental selection pressure, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) collectively drive AMR dissemination across species boundaries. Clinically, AMR is responsible for approximately 1.27 million direct deaths annually and threatens the viability of surgical procedures, cancer chemotherapy, and organ transplantation. Emerging countermeasures—phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, CRISPR-based gene editing tools, novel β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, and artificial intelligence-guided drug discovery—offer substantive promise, though significant translational barriers persist. </span></p> |
| title | Decoding Antimicrobial Resistance: Mechanisms, Evolution, and Therapeutic Challenges |
| topic | Antimicrobial resistance; β-lactamase; biofilm; efflux pumps; horizontal gene transfer; CRISPR-Cas; phage therapy; stewardship; multidrug resistance; carbapenemase; mobile genetic elements; One Health |
| url | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20132733 |