Climate-Driven Energy Demand Shifts in the Kisalföld Region: Historical Correlations, Future Projections, and Infrastructure Loss Implications

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Main Author: Sztyehlik, Zsombor
Format: Recurso digital
Language:English
Published: Zenodo 2026
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author Sztyehlik, Zsombor
author_facet Sztyehlik, Zsombor
contents <p>Rising temperatures driven by anthropogenic climate change are expected to substantially alter patterns of energy consumption across Central Europe. This study investigates the historical relationship between surface temperature and electricity demand in the Kisalföld region of Hungary — a lowland agricultural area characterised by high summer temperature variability — and projects how this relationship evolves under IPCC AR6 warming scenarios of 1.5 ◦C, 2 ◦C, and 3 ◦C above pre-industrial levels by 2100. Using ERA5 reanalysis data spanning 1970–2024, upper-air sounding observations from WMO station 12843 (Budapest/Pestszentlőrinc), and Hungarian national grid load records from ENTSO-E (2015– 2024), we train an XGBoost demand model achieving R2 = 0.77 and RMSE = 285 MW on a held-out test set. ERA5 data reveal warming of +0.42 ◦C per decade since 1970, with cooling degree days tripling and heating degree days declining by 20%. Projections suggest that net climate-driven demand may initially fall as heating savings outpace cooling gains, but under the high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5) cooling demand overtakes heating savings around 2065, representing a structural transition from a winter-peak to a summer-peak energy system. Additionally, temperature-driven increases in grid transmission losses add up to 100 MW of continuously wasted generation capacity by 2100 under SSP5-8.5 — a compounding infrastructure burden that is largely absent from existing demand projections. An interactive Progressive Web Application accompanying this paper makes all projections publicly accessible.</p>
format Recurso digital
id zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_20230176
institution Zenodo
language eng
publishDate 2026
publisher Zenodo
record_format zenodo
spellingShingle Climate-Driven Energy Demand Shifts in the Kisalföld Region: Historical Correlations, Future Projections, and Infrastructure Loss Implications
Sztyehlik, Zsombor
Climate Change
Energy demand
Kisalföld
Hungary
XGBoost
IPCC AR6
Heating degree days
Cooling degree days
Transmission losses
<p>Rising temperatures driven by anthropogenic climate change are expected to substantially alter patterns of energy consumption across Central Europe. This study investigates the historical relationship between surface temperature and electricity demand in the Kisalföld region of Hungary — a lowland agricultural area characterised by high summer temperature variability — and projects how this relationship evolves under IPCC AR6 warming scenarios of 1.5 ◦C, 2 ◦C, and 3 ◦C above pre-industrial levels by 2100. Using ERA5 reanalysis data spanning 1970–2024, upper-air sounding observations from WMO station 12843 (Budapest/Pestszentlőrinc), and Hungarian national grid load records from ENTSO-E (2015– 2024), we train an XGBoost demand model achieving R2 = 0.77 and RMSE = 285 MW on a held-out test set. ERA5 data reveal warming of +0.42 ◦C per decade since 1970, with cooling degree days tripling and heating degree days declining by 20%. Projections suggest that net climate-driven demand may initially fall as heating savings outpace cooling gains, but under the high-emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5) cooling demand overtakes heating savings around 2065, representing a structural transition from a winter-peak to a summer-peak energy system. Additionally, temperature-driven increases in grid transmission losses add up to 100 MW of continuously wasted generation capacity by 2100 under SSP5-8.5 — a compounding infrastructure burden that is largely absent from existing demand projections. An interactive Progressive Web Application accompanying this paper makes all projections publicly accessible.</p>
title Climate-Driven Energy Demand Shifts in the Kisalföld Region: Historical Correlations, Future Projections, and Infrastructure Loss Implications
topic Climate Change
Energy demand
Kisalföld
Hungary
XGBoost
IPCC AR6
Heating degree days
Cooling degree days
Transmission losses
url https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20230176