| _version_ | 1866902005143830528 |
|---|---|
| author | Suzuki, Noritoshi Caulet, Jean-Pierre Dumitrica, Paulian |
| author_facet | Suzuki, Noritoshi Caulet, Jean-Pierre Dumitrica, Paulian |
| contents | <p><b>Family LOPHOCYRTIIDAE</b></p><p>Sanfilippo & Caulet <i>in</i> De Wever, Dumitrica, Caulet, Nigrini & Caridroit, 2001</p><p>Lophocyrtiidae Sanfilippo & Caulet <i>in</i> De Wever, Dumitrica, Caulet, Nigrini & Caridroit, 2001: 283-284. — Afanasieva <i>et al.</i> 2005: S300-301. — Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 150.</p><p>TYPE GENUS. — <i>Lophocyrtis</i> Haeckel, 1887: 1410 [type species by subsequent designation (Campbell 1954: D134): <i>Eucyrtidium stephanophorum</i> Ehrenberg, 1874: 233].</p><p>INCLUDED GENERA. — <i>Aphetocyrtis</i> Sanfilippo & Caulet, 1998: 16. — <i>Apoplanius</i> Sanfilippo & Caulet, 1998: 12. — <i>Clinorhabdus</i> Sanfilippo & Caulet, 1998: 19. — <i>Cyclampterium</i> Haeckel, 1887: 1379 (= <i>Polyalacorys</i> <b>n. syn.</b>). — <i>Lophocyrtis</i> Haeckel, 1887: 1410. — <i>Paralampterium</i> Sanfilippo, 1990: 307 (= <i>Spongiopodium</i> <b>n. syn.</b>). — <i>Sciadiopeplus</i> Sanfilippo, 1990: 310.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Lophocyrtiidae are commonly three-segmented, cylindrical to conical shell. The cephalis is spherical in shape and may or may not have pores. The cephalic initial spicular system consists of MB, A-, V-, double l-, double L-, and Ax-rods. The double <i>mp</i> - arch (one of AL-arch) freely develops in the cephalic cavity. The A-rod is generally visible and free in the cephalic cavity. It may also be attached to the cephalic wall. The thorax is of a rounded conical shape, thick-walled, and its pores are regularly quincuncially arranged. The abdomen is thick-walled to coarse-framed skirt-like. The abdomen’s end is widely open. The feet, present in some members, are disconnected from the cephalic initial spicular system. The basal ring is directly connected to the apical end of the MB as well as to the double L- and V-rods, forming a frame that resembles a four-leafed clover. The basal ring sharply bends along the line with the double L-rods. The D- and double L-rods extend downward forming a rim on the internal wall of the thorax. These rods are completely merged. A double Dl-arch seems to be present as part of the thoracic wall, but the double l-rod is generally unrecognizable. No living form are known.</p><p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Late Paleocene-early Middle Miocene.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The grammatically correct name is “Lophocyrtididae” but the current usage following Article 29.5 of the Code is maintained (Lophocyrtiidae).Three segmented, cylindrical Nassellaria similar to the Lophocyrtiidae are known in the Eucyrtidiidae (e.g., <i>Theocoronium</i>), Rhopalosyringiidae (e.g., <i>Rhopalosyringium</i>), and Pterocorythidae (e.g., <i>Calocyclas</i>, the <i>Podocyrtopsis</i> -form of <i>Podocyrtis</i>, the <i>Theoconus</i> -form of <i>Pterocorys</i>, <i>Theocorythium</i>). The most significant difference among them is the presence of a free double mp-arch in Lophocyrtiidae. <i>Theocoronium</i> is of a small size and is more fragile than the Lophocyrtiidae. <i>Rhopalosyringium</i> differs from the Lophocyrtiidae by its artostrobid-type cephalic structure. <i>Calocyclas</i> has a non-bladed, long, robust horn with a spherical and delicate thorax. Both <i>Pterocorys</i> and <i>Theocorythium</i> have a lobe-like, oblong, cephalic part with a complex internal structure. The cephalic structure of the <i>Spongiopodium</i> -form of <i>Paralampterium</i> (Lophocyrtiidae), similarly to Theoperidae, bears a connection structure between the cephalis and thorax.</p><p>According to Sanfilippo (1990), <i>Paralampterium</i> diverged from <i>Lophocyrtis</i> in the early Eocene; <i>Cyclampterium</i> separated around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary while <i>Sciadiopeplus</i> diverged from <i>Cyclampterium</i> just after the appearance of <i>Cyclampterium</i> in the early Oligocene. <i>Lophocyrtis</i> is also the direct ancestor of <i>Apoplanius</i>, this follows the analyses of the stratigraphic distribution as well as the geographic distribution at species level among <i>Lophocyrtis</i>, <i>Apoplanius</i>, <i>Aphetocyrtis</i> and <i>Clinorhabdus</i> (Sanfilippo & Caulet 1998). Takemura & Ling (1998) discussed the phylogeny of the Lophocyrtiidae with the same group of species treated inSanfilippo & Caulet (1998). These species appear under the genus name <i>Theocorys</i> Haeckel 1882 (with a Mesozoic type species <i>Theocorys morchel- lula</i> Rüst, 1885), as some photos appear to have a double <i>mp</i> -arch (Takemura & Ling 1998: fig. 3.19). Little is known about the ancestor of the Lophocyrtiidae.</p><p>The morphological change of the cephalic initial spicular system at species level was documented for <i>Aphetocyrtis</i>, <i>Apoplanius</i> and <i>Clinorhabdus</i> (Sanfilippo & Caulet 1998). The double <i>mp</i> -arch must be encrypted in the cephalic wall of some members as it remained unobserved in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (Takemura & Ling 1998: figs 5.7-5.12). The double <i>mp</i> -arch is recognizable as part of the thoracic wall in SEM illustrations of <i>Aphetocyrtis</i> (originally <i>Theocorys</i> in Takemura & Ling 1998: figs 5.11, 5.12), <i>Clinorhabdus</i> (originally <i>Theocorys</i> inTakemura & Ling 1998: figs 5.9, 5.10) and the <i>Spongiopodium</i> form of <i>Paralampterium</i> (Nishimura 1990: figs 27.1-27.3).</p><p>VALIDITY OF GENERA</p><p>Cyclampterium</p><p><i>Polyalacorys</i> was first practically validated by Nishimura (1990: 142), who subsequently designated <i>Alacorys carcinus</i> as the type species of <i>Polyalacorys</i>, whereas <i>Cyclampterium</i> was transferred from a subgenus of <i>Cycladophora</i> (Haeckel 1887: 1379) to that of <i>Lophocyrtis</i> (Sanfilippo 1990: 304). Sanfilippo (1990) described <i>Cyclampterium</i> as having an apical horn usually short or absent and Nishimura (1990) described it as an apical spine prolonged from an A-rod. The length of the apical horn is the only difference in these descriptions. Sanfilippo (1990) considered the <i>Cyclampterium</i> lineage to start from <i>Lophocyrtis</i> (<i>Cyclampterium</i>) <i>hadra</i>. This species has a very long, stout apical horn that nearly reaches the same length as the apical horn of <i>Alacorys carcinus</i>, the type species of <i>Polyalacorys</i>. Based on the lineage reconstructed by Sanfilippo (1990), <i>Polyalacorys</i> must be synonymized with <i>Cyclampterium</i>. <i>Cyclampterium</i> has been raised to the rank of genus for practical usage due to its significant morphological differences, although this genus branches from <i>Lophocyrtis</i>.</p><p>Paralampterium</p><p>The main difference between the definitions of <i>Spongiopodium</i> and <i>Paralampterium</i> is a spongy wall structure and three or more foot-like projections for the former (Nishimura 1990: 135); the abdominal segment, the most conspicuous one, is very variable, with large-coarse meshes and three feet that are solid, incipiently latticed or pored for the latter (Sanfilippo 1990: 307). The definition of <i>Paralampterium</i> covers that of <i>Spongiopodium</i>, which raises the issue of splitting and lumping philosophies. The genus concept by Sanfilippo (1990) is based on stratigraphic and geographic distribution at the species level, whereas that by Nishimura (1990) is based on a spot sampling obtained in just one locality of the Pacific Ocean. As Sanfilippo’s (1990) concept better reflects stratigraphic and geographic variation for this taxon, we support the lumping philosophy for this genus. Both genera were published in 1990; the formal publication dates were March 1990 for <i>Paralampterium</i> (<i>Marine Micropaleontology</i>, Volume 15 no. 3-4) and March 31, 1990, for <i>Spongiopodium</i> (<i>Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Section B: Geological Sciences</i>, Volume 11). Because there is no clear difference between these publication dates, we select <i>Paralampterium</i> as the valid name due its more comprehensive definition.</p> |
| format | Recurso digital |
| id | zenodo_https___doi_org_10_5281_zenodo_5106799 |
| institution | Zenodo |
| language | |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Zenodo |
| record_format | zenodo |
| spellingShingle | LOPHOCYRTIIDAE Suzuki, Noritoshi Caulet, Jean-Pierre Dumitrica, Paulian Biodiversity Taxonomy <p><b>Family LOPHOCYRTIIDAE</b></p><p>Sanfilippo & Caulet <i>in</i> De Wever, Dumitrica, Caulet, Nigrini & Caridroit, 2001</p><p>Lophocyrtiidae Sanfilippo & Caulet <i>in</i> De Wever, Dumitrica, Caulet, Nigrini & Caridroit, 2001: 283-284. — Afanasieva <i>et al.</i> 2005: S300-301. — Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 150.</p><p>TYPE GENUS. — <i>Lophocyrtis</i> Haeckel, 1887: 1410 [type species by subsequent designation (Campbell 1954: D134): <i>Eucyrtidium stephanophorum</i> Ehrenberg, 1874: 233].</p><p>INCLUDED GENERA. — <i>Aphetocyrtis</i> Sanfilippo & Caulet, 1998: 16. — <i>Apoplanius</i> Sanfilippo & Caulet, 1998: 12. — <i>Clinorhabdus</i> Sanfilippo & Caulet, 1998: 19. — <i>Cyclampterium</i> Haeckel, 1887: 1379 (= <i>Polyalacorys</i> <b>n. syn.</b>). — <i>Lophocyrtis</i> Haeckel, 1887: 1410. — <i>Paralampterium</i> Sanfilippo, 1990: 307 (= <i>Spongiopodium</i> <b>n. syn.</b>). — <i>Sciadiopeplus</i> Sanfilippo, 1990: 310.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Lophocyrtiidae are commonly three-segmented, cylindrical to conical shell. The cephalis is spherical in shape and may or may not have pores. The cephalic initial spicular system consists of MB, A-, V-, double l-, double L-, and Ax-rods. The double <i>mp</i> - arch (one of AL-arch) freely develops in the cephalic cavity. The A-rod is generally visible and free in the cephalic cavity. It may also be attached to the cephalic wall. The thorax is of a rounded conical shape, thick-walled, and its pores are regularly quincuncially arranged. The abdomen is thick-walled to coarse-framed skirt-like. The abdomen’s end is widely open. The feet, present in some members, are disconnected from the cephalic initial spicular system. The basal ring is directly connected to the apical end of the MB as well as to the double L- and V-rods, forming a frame that resembles a four-leafed clover. The basal ring sharply bends along the line with the double L-rods. The D- and double L-rods extend downward forming a rim on the internal wall of the thorax. These rods are completely merged. A double Dl-arch seems to be present as part of the thoracic wall, but the double l-rod is generally unrecognizable. No living form are known.</p><p>STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Late Paleocene-early Middle Miocene.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The grammatically correct name is “Lophocyrtididae” but the current usage following Article 29.5 of the Code is maintained (Lophocyrtiidae).Three segmented, cylindrical Nassellaria similar to the Lophocyrtiidae are known in the Eucyrtidiidae (e.g., <i>Theocoronium</i>), Rhopalosyringiidae (e.g., <i>Rhopalosyringium</i>), and Pterocorythidae (e.g., <i>Calocyclas</i>, the <i>Podocyrtopsis</i> -form of <i>Podocyrtis</i>, the <i>Theoconus</i> -form of <i>Pterocorys</i>, <i>Theocorythium</i>). The most significant difference among them is the presence of a free double mp-arch in Lophocyrtiidae. <i>Theocoronium</i> is of a small size and is more fragile than the Lophocyrtiidae. <i>Rhopalosyringium</i> differs from the Lophocyrtiidae by its artostrobid-type cephalic structure. <i>Calocyclas</i> has a non-bladed, long, robust horn with a spherical and delicate thorax. Both <i>Pterocorys</i> and <i>Theocorythium</i> have a lobe-like, oblong, cephalic part with a complex internal structure. The cephalic structure of the <i>Spongiopodium</i> -form of <i>Paralampterium</i> (Lophocyrtiidae), similarly to Theoperidae, bears a connection structure between the cephalis and thorax.</p><p>According to Sanfilippo (1990), <i>Paralampterium</i> diverged from <i>Lophocyrtis</i> in the early Eocene; <i>Cyclampterium</i> separated around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary while <i>Sciadiopeplus</i> diverged from <i>Cyclampterium</i> just after the appearance of <i>Cyclampterium</i> in the early Oligocene. <i>Lophocyrtis</i> is also the direct ancestor of <i>Apoplanius</i>, this follows the analyses of the stratigraphic distribution as well as the geographic distribution at species level among <i>Lophocyrtis</i>, <i>Apoplanius</i>, <i>Aphetocyrtis</i> and <i>Clinorhabdus</i> (Sanfilippo & Caulet 1998). Takemura & Ling (1998) discussed the phylogeny of the Lophocyrtiidae with the same group of species treated inSanfilippo & Caulet (1998). These species appear under the genus name <i>Theocorys</i> Haeckel 1882 (with a Mesozoic type species <i>Theocorys morchel- lula</i> Rüst, 1885), as some photos appear to have a double <i>mp</i> -arch (Takemura & Ling 1998: fig. 3.19). Little is known about the ancestor of the Lophocyrtiidae.</p><p>The morphological change of the cephalic initial spicular system at species level was documented for <i>Aphetocyrtis</i>, <i>Apoplanius</i> and <i>Clinorhabdus</i> (Sanfilippo & Caulet 1998). The double <i>mp</i> -arch must be encrypted in the cephalic wall of some members as it remained unobserved in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (Takemura & Ling 1998: figs 5.7-5.12). The double <i>mp</i> -arch is recognizable as part of the thoracic wall in SEM illustrations of <i>Aphetocyrtis</i> (originally <i>Theocorys</i> in Takemura & Ling 1998: figs 5.11, 5.12), <i>Clinorhabdus</i> (originally <i>Theocorys</i> inTakemura & Ling 1998: figs 5.9, 5.10) and the <i>Spongiopodium</i> form of <i>Paralampterium</i> (Nishimura 1990: figs 27.1-27.3).</p><p>VALIDITY OF GENERA</p><p>Cyclampterium</p><p><i>Polyalacorys</i> was first practically validated by Nishimura (1990: 142), who subsequently designated <i>Alacorys carcinus</i> as the type species of <i>Polyalacorys</i>, whereas <i>Cyclampterium</i> was transferred from a subgenus of <i>Cycladophora</i> (Haeckel 1887: 1379) to that of <i>Lophocyrtis</i> (Sanfilippo 1990: 304). Sanfilippo (1990) described <i>Cyclampterium</i> as having an apical horn usually short or absent and Nishimura (1990) described it as an apical spine prolonged from an A-rod. The length of the apical horn is the only difference in these descriptions. Sanfilippo (1990) considered the <i>Cyclampterium</i> lineage to start from <i>Lophocyrtis</i> (<i>Cyclampterium</i>) <i>hadra</i>. This species has a very long, stout apical horn that nearly reaches the same length as the apical horn of <i>Alacorys carcinus</i>, the type species of <i>Polyalacorys</i>. Based on the lineage reconstructed by Sanfilippo (1990), <i>Polyalacorys</i> must be synonymized with <i>Cyclampterium</i>. <i>Cyclampterium</i> has been raised to the rank of genus for practical usage due to its significant morphological differences, although this genus branches from <i>Lophocyrtis</i>.</p><p>Paralampterium</p><p>The main difference between the definitions of <i>Spongiopodium</i> and <i>Paralampterium</i> is a spongy wall structure and three or more foot-like projections for the former (Nishimura 1990: 135); the abdominal segment, the most conspicuous one, is very variable, with large-coarse meshes and three feet that are solid, incipiently latticed or pored for the latter (Sanfilippo 1990: 307). The definition of <i>Paralampterium</i> covers that of <i>Spongiopodium</i>, which raises the issue of splitting and lumping philosophies. The genus concept by Sanfilippo (1990) is based on stratigraphic and geographic distribution at the species level, whereas that by Nishimura (1990) is based on a spot sampling obtained in just one locality of the Pacific Ocean. As Sanfilippo’s (1990) concept better reflects stratigraphic and geographic variation for this taxon, we support the lumping philosophy for this genus. Both genera were published in 1990; the formal publication dates were March 1990 for <i>Paralampterium</i> (<i>Marine Micropaleontology</i>, Volume 15 no. 3-4) and March 31, 1990, for <i>Spongiopodium</i> (<i>Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Section B: Geological Sciences</i>, Volume 11). Because there is no clear difference between these publication dates, we select <i>Paralampterium</i> as the valid name due its more comprehensive definition.</p> |
| title | LOPHOCYRTIIDAE |
| topic | Biodiversity Taxonomy |
| url | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5106799 |