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Main Authors: Westerdahl, Christian, Poulsen, Jonas, Holmelund, Daniel, Hansen, Peter Nicholas, Thompson, Fletcher, Galeazzi, Roberto
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.05303
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author Westerdahl, Christian
Poulsen, Jonas
Holmelund, Daniel
Hansen, Peter Nicholas
Thompson, Fletcher
Galeazzi, Roberto
author_facet Westerdahl, Christian
Poulsen, Jonas
Holmelund, Daniel
Hansen, Peter Nicholas
Thompson, Fletcher
Galeazzi, Roberto
contents Critical maritime infrastructure increasingly demands situational awareness both above and below the surface, yet existing ''seabed-to-sky'' mapping pipelines either rely on GNSS (vulnerable to shadowing/spoofing) or expensive bathymetric sonars. We present a unified, GNSS-independent mapping system that fuses LiDAR-IMU with a dual, orthogonally mounted Forward Looking Sonars (FLS) to generate consistent seabed-to-sky maps from an Autonomous Surface Vehicle. On the acoustic side, we extend orthogonal wide-aperture fusion to handle arbitrary inter-sonar translations (enabling heterogeneous, non-co-located models) and extract a leading edge from each FLS to form line-scans. On the mapping side, we modify LIO-SAM to ingest both stereo-derived 3D sonar points and leading-edge line-scans at and between keyframes via motion-interpolated poses, allowing sparse acoustic updates to contribute continuously to a single factor-graph map. We validate the system on real-world data from Belvederekanalen (Copenhagen), demonstrating real-time operation with approx. 2.65 Hz map updates and approx. 2.85 Hz odometry while producing a unified 3D model that spans air-water domains.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2512_05303
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Seabed-to-Sky Mapping of Maritime Environments with a Dual Orthogonal SONAR and LiDAR Sensor Suite
Westerdahl, Christian
Poulsen, Jonas
Holmelund, Daniel
Hansen, Peter Nicholas
Thompson, Fletcher
Galeazzi, Roberto
Robotics
Critical maritime infrastructure increasingly demands situational awareness both above and below the surface, yet existing ''seabed-to-sky'' mapping pipelines either rely on GNSS (vulnerable to shadowing/spoofing) or expensive bathymetric sonars. We present a unified, GNSS-independent mapping system that fuses LiDAR-IMU with a dual, orthogonally mounted Forward Looking Sonars (FLS) to generate consistent seabed-to-sky maps from an Autonomous Surface Vehicle. On the acoustic side, we extend orthogonal wide-aperture fusion to handle arbitrary inter-sonar translations (enabling heterogeneous, non-co-located models) and extract a leading edge from each FLS to form line-scans. On the mapping side, we modify LIO-SAM to ingest both stereo-derived 3D sonar points and leading-edge line-scans at and between keyframes via motion-interpolated poses, allowing sparse acoustic updates to contribute continuously to a single factor-graph map. We validate the system on real-world data from Belvederekanalen (Copenhagen), demonstrating real-time operation with approx. 2.65 Hz map updates and approx. 2.85 Hz odometry while producing a unified 3D model that spans air-water domains.
title Seabed-to-Sky Mapping of Maritime Environments with a Dual Orthogonal SONAR and LiDAR Sensor Suite
topic Robotics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.05303